Attention And Misconduct: Exploring ADHD And ODD
The trend of more accurate diagnosing of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has created a broader awareness of the disorder and how it affects individuals and families. This increase in awareness is beneficial for everyone. People with ADHD will gain greater respect and kindness when their habits, struggles, and quirks are understood as symptoms of a mental health condition rather than the false belief that they’re “lazy” or “rude.” Moreover, individuals without the disorder can better understand people with ADHD instead of taking the child's behavior personally.
While attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD is widely known, oppositional defiant disorder(ODD) is a frequent comorbid condition that does not garner as much attention or awareness. This article will look at ADHD and ODD, what the differences are between these disorders, what their symptoms look like, and ways you can help your child manage them.
What is ODD?
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), is a behavior disorder characterized by consistent, unexplained behavioral outbursts, typically toward authority figures. According to the Child Mind Institute, ODD symptoms may include being vindictive, being easily annoyed, being unusually irritable, deliberately annoying people, and blaming others for their own mistakes. They may argue with adults refusing to do what is asked of them.
Although every child engages in defiant behavior or oppositional behavior at some point, children with oppositional defiant disorder engage in them consistently, as a matter of course. While many children might respond with anger, aggression, or disobedience as a show of frustration, displeasure, or in response to rejection, children with ODD may demonstrate anger, aggression, and disobedience without a trigger or without any warning whatsoever.
Oppositional defiant disorder is particularly alarming and problematic for families because children with oppositional defiant disorder may pose a safety hazard for themselves and those around them, including other children, other parents, or family members. Children with oppositional defiant disorder are often physically, emotionally, and verbally violent, and they may attack others without warning. These children might also throw items, run away from parents or caregivers, and refuse to attend to necessary tasks, which can lead to danger, decreased self-esteem, and familial discord. ODD often occurs with other disorders, including mood disorders, an anxiety disorder, or ADHD.
Diagnosis: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder vs. oppositional defiant disorder
An ADHD diagnosis is typically completed in a clinical setting by a psychologist or psychiatrist. Your child's doctor can also diagnose ADHD, and teachers can help children by observing ADHD-specific behaviors, such as ADHD stimming or trouble paying attention, in educational settings. According to the National Health Service, “Symptoms of ADHD tend to be noticed at an early age and may become more noticeable when a child's circumstances change, such as when they start school.” An ADHD diagnosis can be given in a single sitting and sometimes involves more parental reporting or self-reporting than actual observation of behaviors and symptoms.
Conversely, an oppositional defiant disorder diagnosis is usually a more involved process and can take weeks (or longer). Like ADHD, there is no specific test to diagnose oppositional defiant disorder, and because ODD diagnoses require observation in addition to self-reports or parental reports, the process can be longer and more complex. Teachers may need to make note of any behavioral difficulties experienced during school hours, parents may need to record or demonstrate difficulties, and clinicians may need to observe behaviors associated with ODD. Moreover, a diagnosis may not as readily guarantee services like early intervention in school or elsewhere compared to ADHD since the condition is still largely unknown.
Causes: ADHD vs. ODD
ADHD causes are primarily unknown. Although there are risk factors, such as family history and existing developmental delays, none of these definitively act as the root of ADHD. Comorbid conditions provide possible insights into the mechanisms behind ADHD more than they provide answers as to why the condition exists in the first place. ADHD can also be traced to cognitive development and possible genetic triggers.
ODD causes, on the other hand, are thought to be one of two possibilities: behaviors learned as a result of developmental impairments and parental influence and emotional and attachment issues resulting in the improper development of emotional reactions and social behavior. Each of these explanations and root causes comes with its own set of problems. For instance, if oppositional defiant disorder is simply a series of learned behaviors or the result of growing up in a home with substance abuse, poor parenting behaviors, or other family dysfunction, replacing those behaviors will take enormous effort and dedication and a lot of positive reinforcement on the part of many people. However, if ODD is a result of emotional and developmental immaturity, then therapy is likely needed to learn healthy emotional ties and boundaries and to grow developmentally.
Existing together: ADHD and ODD symptoms
ADHD and ODD can be comorbid conditions, and each interacts negatively with the other. To effectively treat oppositional defiant disorder, children must be able to focus and attend to a task and actively engage with a therapist or caregiver. With ADHD symptoms, focus and engagement are difficult, which can make treating either of the conditions uniquely problematic. As many as 40% of children with ADHD will go on to develop oppositional defiant disorder, rendering treatment necessary and challenging.
Interventions for both ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder typically include some form of cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy seeks to alter the ways in which the brain functions, including self-esteem, outward behavioral patterns, and methods of expression. Because some of the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder may be related to unhealthy expressions of emotion, learning to replace these forms of expression is pivotal in laying the groundwork for recovery from ODD. Unhealthy expressions of anger and frustration are often borne of ADHD, as the limitations children might experience with ADHD can cause extreme frustration and even self-hatred. These can be overwhelming emotions for a child to process.
Medication may be necessary for a time when treating these conditions. The symptoms of each of these conditions can impede healing enough that pharmaceutical intervention may be necessary while behavior patterns are broken down and rebuilt. These medications might include stimulants to encourage focus for ADHD or sedative medications to ease some of the more aggressive or violent behaviors in children with ODD.
Parental involvement in ODD
Although implementing therapy at home is useful for ADHD, it is far more imperative to the success of ODD treatment for parents to be on board and actively implement therapeutic strategies. ODD, regardless of cause, requires parents to change parenting strategies to accommodate the unique behavioral needs of children with oppositional defiant disorder.
Because this disorder is often accompanied by the willful desire to annoy, frustrate, or cause a dramatic reaction in others, parents must work particularly hard to avoid extreme reactions and demonstrate patience both inside and outside the home.
Parents may be encouraged to enroll children in therapy to improve emotional expression, but they may also be encouraged to enlist in therapeutic interventions themselves. Children with oppositional defiant disorder are far more likely to internalize and mimic parents' extreme reactions and unhealthy expressions of anger, upset, or frustration. If present, these parental behaviors will likely compound the symptoms of ODD in a child.
Educational involvement: ADHD and ODD
The involvement of the child's school and other educational institutions is an important treatment consideration for children with these conditions. In ODD, consistency with discipline and expectations is extremely important, so educators should be included in any disciplinary or therapeutic interventions being used at home or in therapy. As a diagnosed condition, ODD should warrant an IEP (Individual Education Program) or 504 plan from educators.
Similarly, education systems should be on board with any interventions engaged by parents to help with the symptoms of ADHD. These interventions might be small, such as minimizing exposure to stimulants and sensory distractions, or they may be more significant, including a pharmaceutical regimen and a series of behavioral and cognitive therapies, for instance.
Enlisting routine: Treating ADHD and ODD
One of the best at-home strategies for both ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder is routine. Routines are useful for parents, as they provide a framework in which to design a child's day and can be powerful interventions for children who struggle with various aspects of everyday functioning. This is because they enable children - young humans with very little control over their lives - to know what to expect hour-to-hour or day-to-day. Knowing what to expect and what is expected of them can help children with both conditions more effectively with their moods and emotional responses to environmental influences.
For children experiencing both disorders, handling emotions and mood is important in condition management overall. If mood can be kept at a stable, balanced level, the likelihood of emotional outbursts is lowered, and comfort is maintained for both the child and the people in the child's immediate environment.
Seeking therapy for ODD
Because of the disruptive behaviors associated with oppositional defiant disorder, parents are sometimes hesitant to take school age children or younger to in-person appointments. They may fear their child acting out, or they may experience anxiety when introducing their children to new people and situations. This is understandable, and online therapy represents a feasible alternative. With internet-based counseling, families affected by ODD can meet with a qualified therapist from the comfort and safety of their homes, and parents can learn how to help their child manage their ODD symptoms.
The effectiveness of online treatments for oppositional defiant disorder is well-documented. One recent study showed positive outcomes associated with an internet-based intervention for parents of children with ODD.
Takeaway
ODD can present significant challenges and conduct problems for children and their families. Advancements in technology, as well as research in the field have opened new doors for effective treatments and interventions, though. If you’re experiencing the negative effects of oppositional defiant disorder in your home, don’t hesitate to reach out for help. A more peaceful family life is waiting.
Read more below for answers to questions commonly asked about this ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder.
Can you have ADHD and ODD at the same time?
According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, children living with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are more likely to have ADHD, conduct disorder, and mood and anxiety disorders.
Can people with ADHD lead normal lives?
People with ADHD can lead normal lives with fulfilling relationships and success at school and work. It may help to receive treatment in the form of medication and/or therapy. For children living with the disorder, a clinical child psychiatrist or psychologist may be able to treat ADHD in a way that’s tailored to the specific ADHD symptoms a person experiences.
What is the best ADHD coping mechanism?
There are many coping mechanisms for people living with ADHD. The best coping mechanism may depend on the type of ADHD a person experiences. A person with hyperactive ADHD may benefit from calming strategies, such as the use of sensory or fidget toys. They may also benefit from scheduled breaks that allow for movement in between tasks.
For those who experience problems with focus (inattention), it may help to find the ideal environment for them to concentrate. For example, some people don’t focus well on tasks when they’re in a quiet environment. Instead, they may thrive in an environment with background noise. It may also help to break down their tasks into smaller, more manageable objectives.
How do you teach coping skills to a child with ADHD?
When you teach coping skills to a child living with ADHD, it may help to first validate their feelings. This may help them see that there is nothing wrong with what they’re feeling. Then, you might work with them on some relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, visualization, or progressive muscle relaxation. These strategies may help the child control their emotions more effectively.
What happens to kids with ADHD and ODD?
Children with ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder may experience difficulty not only with impulse control but also with anger, which may lead to physical aggression. Children with ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms may have angry outbursts at classmates and then refuse to apologize. This can lead to social challenges, but there are treatments available to help with these symptoms.
What are the implications of comorbidity between ADHD and ODD?
Comorbidity between ADHD and ODD can lead to different symptoms from those of ADHD alone. For example, a child with ADHD alone may have tantrums as a result of frustration or boredom, but someone with both ADHD and ODD may have outbursts due to poor control of their temper. They may hurt others and blame others for their mistakes. Also, a child or adolescent with both ADHD and ODD may be more prone to depression and low self-esteem, which may increase their risk of antisocial behavior and substance use.
Further, characteristics of ADHD and ODD can also appear in individuals with learning disabilities and disruptive behavior disorders. A mental health professional with experience in child and adolescent psychiatry may be able to help distinguish ADHD, ODD, and other mental disorders or diagnose comorbid disorders.
How do you manage behavior in children with ADHD?
For behavioral challenges in children with ADHD, it may help to focus on discipline rather than punishment. Discipline tends to focus on teaching rather than on enforcing negative consequences. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and punishment may make a child feel ashamed for an emotional response that wasn’t entirely under their control in the moment. By teaching children strategies to control emotions, you may be able to help them manage behavior in a way that leads to better outcomes.
What is the most common intervention for students with ADHD?
Students with ADHD may receive behavior therapy, which may involve a training component for their parents. Therapy may be combined with medication, such as a stimulant.
How do you help a child living with ADHD in the classroom?
Behavioral classroom management is one strategy that may help children with ADHD in the classroom. Taught by teachers who have been trained in these techniques, behavioral classroom management tends to reward positive behaviors and discourage unhelpful behaviors. Parents may also be able to help their children by participating in behavior therapy, which tends to train parents of young children to teach them strategies to build their self-control and self-esteem.
How do you communicate with a child with ADHD?
When you communicate with a child living with ADHD, it may help to remain positive and assume the child has good intentions. Also, you might focus on the child’s strengths and celebrate their accomplishments. When it comes time to address undesired behaviors, it may help to clearly communicate rules and expectations. You may find it useful to write down expectations on a chart where the child can regularly see them. Finally, when the child doesn’t meet expectations, you might focus on disciplining or teaching them rather than punishing them.
Also, both individual and family therapy may be beneficial, depending on the age of the child as well as the child’s symptoms. A therapist may look at environmental factors in the child’s life and explore how the child displays symptoms in various environments. This may help the therapist to treat the ADHD patient in a way that corresponds to the type of ADHD they experience, whether inattentive, hyperactive, or combined.
- Previous Article
- Next Article