Aphantasia, derived from the Greek "a" (without, not) and "phantasia" (imagination, appearance), is defined by Merriam-Webster as "the inability to form mental images of real or imaginary people, places, or things."
More research may be required for experts to better understand aphantasia and its causes. Based on what they have learned so far, experts typically divide aphantasia into two types:
Aphantasia can exist on a spectrum, ranging from a complete inability to conjure visual images (aphantasia) to a low or moderate ability to imagine visual images (hyperphantasia).
Despite researchers' efforts to effectively categorize aphantasia, the breadth and scope of aphantasia's definition and whether it should be labeled as a diagnosable condition may still be debated.
Some people who have aphantasia don't realize it at first. Common signs can include the following:
While each person tends to be unique, some people with aphantasia report that they know the details of an object, can describe it to you using words, and can even draw it; they just can't visualize it.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be considered a relatively common neurodevelopmental condition affecting approximately 336 million adults and 129 million children and adolescents worldwide. It's usually diagnosed in childhood, but core symptoms like hyperactivity, distractibility, and impulsiveness often persist into adulthood to varying degrees.
ADHD is usually classified into three main categories according to the most dominant symptoms shown through an individual's behavior.
With this type of ADHD, individuals might be easily distracted and have difficulty focusing on tasks or following directions. They may have diminished organizational and time management abilities and make careless mistakes or consistently lose things. People with this type of ADHD might also appear "detached" or preoccupied much of the time.
This type of ADHD is usually characterized by hyperactive, impulsive behaviors, such as constant restlessness, difficulty waiting in line or taking turns, excessive talking, interrupting others, and yelling out inappropriate comments. Impulsive decision-making and trouble recognizing social cues can make this type of ADHD particularly challenging in group settings or interpersonal relationships.
Some people display a combination of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. For example, they might experience diminished attention and concentration while exhibiting hyperactive and impulsive behaviors.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) states that to receive an ADHD diagnosis, adults must exhibit six or more symptoms (seven or more for children) that severely impact functioning in two or more settings, such as school, work, home, or social situations. Symptoms must be present for six months or longer, and a few must be present before 12 years of age.
While ADHD and aphantasia are generally seen as separate conditions, there may be some symptom similarities. For example, people with both aphantasia and ADHD might have cognitive challenges related to working memory, such as difficulties with problem-solving or story recollection. This type of memory impairment may mimic aphantasia, in which one may not be able to recall a visual image of a person, place, or thing.
Lack of focus tends to be a prevalent ADHD symptom. When individuals with this symptom have difficulty staying mindful of details or facts, it often results in an inability to recall or visualize them later.
Diagnostic symptoms can be easily confused between conditions. If you suspect you have a mental health condition of any kind, it can be best to seek guidance from a healthcare professional who can provide an accurate assessment of your symptoms.
Treatment for any condition typically begins with discussing your symptoms with a professional. If you begin with your primary doctor, they might refer you to a mental healthcare provider for a more thorough assessment and, if applicable, a formal diagnosis.
Courses of treatment for ADHD and aphantasia tend to be different because they usually present so differently. However, similarities in areas of working memory function and focus may require similar strategies.
Treatment for ADHD typically begins with a thorough interview and assessment from a psychologist or psychiatrist. Psychologists may sometimes wish to administer specialized testing to determine one's executive functioning abilities. They may also request to speak with the individual's partner or family members for a more comprehensive perspective.
Treatment approaches for ADHD typically involve a combination of behavioral interventions and medication. It can be important to note that the effectiveness of different treatments can vary from person to person, and a tailored approach is often necessary.
Here are several common treatments for ADHD:
Stimulant medications are often the first line of treatment for ADHD. If you’re interested in learning more about potential medication options, speak to your doctor or psychiatrist.
Therapies for ADHD, such as behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), are typically designed to help the individual identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors. These therapies often address challenges like impulsivity, time management, and organization. CBT can also be effective for assisting individuals in setting and achieving realistic goals using a structured approach.
Parenting training and behavioral modification techniques utilizing positive and/or negative reinforcement systems are often used for children to give caregivers strategies to manage and respond to their child's behavior effectively. In some cases, children may require modifications to their learning environment. This may involve accommodations like extra time on tests, preferential seating, or the use of assistive technologies.
Individuals with ADHD and their families can benefit from learning more about the disorder. Understanding ADHD can help them develop coping strategies and create a supportive environment.
Joining support groups can provide individuals with ADHD and their families an opportunity to share experiences, learn coping strategies, and receive emotional support.
Implementing healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular exercise, nutrient-rich eating habits, and sufficient sleep, can help manage ADHD symptoms. Organizational strategies and time management techniques can be beneficial for individuals with ADHD in both academic and professional settings. Practices like mindfulness meditation and relaxation exercises may help individuals with ADHD improve focus and manage stress.
Because aphantasia isn't technically considered a mental health condition, there is generally no official treatment protocol. Research tends to be ongoing, and new insights on addressing aphantasia may emerge in the future.
However, current assessment tools can be used to measure an individual's experience of aphantasia along the spectrum of severity. For example, the vividness of visual imagery questionnaire (VVIQ) is a self-reporting assessment asking individuals to rate their ability to form various mental images and compare the vividness and clarity of the image to the original.
Based on the individual's self-reporting, specialists may use a combination of techniques to manage aphantasia and maintain good mental health and well-being.
Discovering that one has aphantasia can lead to conflicting feelings about how it impacts important aspects of an individual's life, such as career choice and everyday emotional perception. As such, in addition to challenges related to memory, creativity, or emotional processing, complications from living with aphantasia may affect an individual's mental well-being.
CBT is often the front-line treatment recommended not only for common mental health conditions like anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder, but also for short-term use to help individuals learn practical coping skills to manage emotional challenges and everyday stress.
Several hobbies and activities regularly can help individuals cope with aphantasia. For example, a daily mindfulness practice may assist in developing greater awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, potentially helping individuals with aphantasia explore and understand their mental processes in different ways.
Learning a new language, developing a new hobby, or learning a skill like playing an instrument can help with memory and personal development. Engaging in creative activities like drawing, painting, or sculpting might provide an alternative means of expression for individuals with aphantasia, empowering them to explore and communicate their thoughts and emotions.
People with aphantasia often report challenges with working memory. Utilizing memory techniques, such as the method of loci or mnemonic devices, may enhance memory recall and organization.
Gradual exposure to mental imagery tasks may help some individuals with aphantasia develop the ability to visualize over time. This approach usually involves starting with simple mental imagery exercises and progressively increasing the complexity.
Focusing on other sensory modalities, such as auditory or tactile sensations, may be helpful for those with aphantasia to compensate for the lack of visual imagery.
It can be helpful for people with ADHD and aphantasia to work closely with healthcare professionals, psychologists, or therapists familiar with the conditions who can develop a comprehensive and practical management approach. The rise in popularity of online therapy platforms can provide individuals with access to a larger pool of mental health professionals experienced in working with these particular conditions.
Virtual therapy can have many other advantages, some of which can be particularly useful for people living with the unique challenges of ADHD. For example, online therapy typically enables individuals to attend sessions from home on a flexible schedule, potentially alleviating the stress associated with time management and organization struggles. Traditional treatment in an office setting might also be overwhelming for individuals with ADHD because of potential distractions, while therapy from home generally allows people to talk in a comfortable, familiar environment.
Online therapy is often more affordable than traditional therapy without insurance, and a large body of research shows it can be just as effective for treating ADHD and a wide variety of other conditions, like depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).