Exploring The Link Between Bipolar Disorder And Genetics

Medically reviewed by Laura Angers Maddox, NCC, LPC
Updated October 8, 2024by BetterHelp Editorial Team
Content Warning: Please be advised, the below article might mention trauma-related topics that could be triggering to the reader. Please see our Get Help Now page for more immediate resources.

Over time, researchers have uncovered evidence indicating that many mental health conditions and challenges may have a genetic component. In other words, if someone in your biological family—including in previous generations—had or has a certain mental illness, you may be at increased risk for developing the same one. That said, mental health is complex. In most cases, genetics aren’t the only factor in whether someone may be at risk for presenting with a certain issue. With bipolar disorder in particular, it’s thought that both genetics and other factors may play a role in why some individuals may experience it and others may not. Read on to learn more about the genetics of bipolar disorder.

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What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder, previously called manic depression or manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that’s estimated to affect around one in 40 US adults. A potentially severe mental illness, bipolar disorder can cause extreme shifts in mood, cognition, and behavior. The primary symptoms of bipolar disorder usually include periods of elevated mood, energy, and activity levels (known as manic or hypomanic episodes) and periods of depressed mood and decreased energy (known as depressive episodes). Bipolar disorder typically develops during adolescence or early adulthood, though it can also occur in childhood in rare cases.

There are three primary types of bipolar disorder: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder type I, an individual must have experienced at least one manic episode. For a diagnosis of bipolar disorder type II, at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode must have occurred. Cyclothymic disorder may be diagnosed when an individual experiences periods of depressive and hypomanic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for episodes of major depression or hypomania. 

Note that manic or hypomanic episodes both have similar characteristics, but hypomanic episodes are typically milder, shorter in duration, and do not cause functional impairment. Symptoms of both include:

  • An exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence (euphoria)

  • Decreased need for sleep

  • Increased energy and activity levels

  • Racing thoughts and rapid speech

  • Impulsive or risky behavior, such as excessive spending or irresponsible sexual behavior

Common symptoms of depressive episodes include:

  • Persistent feelings of sadness or emptiness

  • Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities

  • Decreased energy and activity levels

  • Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

  • Changes in appetite and sleep patterns

  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt

While manic and depressive symptoms of bipolar disorder typically arise during distinct phases, they can also co-occur, during periods called mixed episodes. In cases of severe bipolar disorder, some people experience psychotic symptoms, which can include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought. Note that the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder might vary from person to person and may also change over time. If you or a family member is experiencing symptoms of mania, hypomania, or major depression, seeking help from a healthcare professional is typically recommended; bipolar disorder can be a serious condition, though it is treatable.

Genetic factors increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder

Individuals who have a close relative with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of experiencing the condition themselves. Bipolar disorder is considered one of the most heritable psychiatric disorders, which means that differences in genetic factors account for a significant amount of variation in the disorder. Studies on the genetics of bipolar disorder suggest that the heritability is approximately 79-93%. While genetics play a role in the development of this condition, they are not thought to be the sole determinant. 

That said, many studies have shown that individuals with a family history of bipolar disorder are often at an increased risk of developing the condition—particularly if they’ve inherited specific genetic markers like certain chromosome variants.

As with many mental disorders, it is thought that many genes play a role in bipolar disorder, each potentially contributing in a small way. The National Institute of Mental Health has the following to say about the genetics of bipolar disorder: “Many genes are involved, and no one gene can cause the disorder”. Thus far, experts have identified multiple genes in which mutations may help cause bipolar disorder. For example, researchers have found that gene variants that impact the function of the protein CPG2 can increase the chances of bipolar disorder developing during a person’s life, as can genetic variations in TRANK1, a recently identified susceptibility gene. Additionally, specific groups of genes have been linked with certain features of bipolar disorder. For example, the chromosomal regions 13q31 and 22q12 have been implicated in symptoms of psychosis

As more research is conducted, future directions become clearer, and human genome studies continue to advance, we may learn more about the exact genetic variants that are associated with bipolar disorder. 

Not everyone with a family history of the disorder will necessarily develop it, though; and people without a family history might still develop bipolar disorder. In addition to genetic risk factors, environmental factors like stress, trauma, and other challenging life experiences may contribute to the risk of developing the condition. 

Other factors that may contribute to bipolar disorder

Environmental and lifestyle factors might also play a significant role in both the development and course of bipolar disorder. For instance, stress and trauma might trigger the onset of symptoms or exacerbate existing symptoms. 

That’s why practicing self-care is recommended for everyone and can be especially helpful for those who have or may be at risk for developing this disorder. This could include habits such as:

  • Exercise, which research suggests may help those with bipolar disorder manage or improve depressive symptoms

  • Meditation, which one study found helped “alleviate guilt, depressed mood, and helplessness/hopelessness” in individuals with bipolar disorder

  • A healthy diet, which researchers in 2015 found may positively influence several biological processes that are typically dysregulated in those with bipolar disorder, and because this disorder has “a high comorbidity with several physical diseases”

However, it’s important to note that if you have or know you’re at higher risk for developing bipolar disorder, you should speak with a healthcare provider before making any significant lifestyle changes. If you’re currently on medication or other treatments for bipolar disorder or another mental health condition, it’s recommended that you don’t stop or alter this regimen without consulting with a qualified healthcare professional first.

Treatment options for those who develop bipolar disorder

There is currently no cure for bipolar disorder, but it’s considered to be a highly treatable condition. With appropriate, ongoing treatment, most people with this disorder can live functional, fulfilling, autonomous lives. Such treatment usually consists of some combination of medication and psychotherapy. Medication is often used to help manage symptoms, such as mood swings. A therapeutic approach such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help an individual identify and change negative thought patterns. Or, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) can assist them in establishing and maintaining a healthy routine. Other types of therapy that may be helpful for individuals with bipolar disorder include family-focused therapy, in which other family members participate in the therapeutic process, and psychodynamic therapy.

The most effective treatment plan for bipolar disorder will be individualized to the needs and circumstances of the individual. A healthcare team, which may include a primary care provider, psychiatrist, and therapist, will often be assembled to work with the individual to develop and implement a treatment plan that considers their specific needs and goals. It’s usually ideal for the client to be an active participant in their treatment and to communicate with their healthcare team regularly about their progress and any concerns they may have.

How online therapy can help

If you’re looking for a virtual therapist to add to your care team, you might consider trying a virtual therapy platform like BetterHelp. It can match you with a licensed therapist in a matter of days, and you can then meet with them via phone, video call, and/or in-app messaging from the comfort of your home or anywhere else you have an internet connection. For those who are looking for a more available or affordable therapy format, such online methods may be worth considering—especially since research suggests that they can be as effective as traditional in-person formats in many cases.

Takeaway

Research suggests that bipolar disorder has a strong heritable component, but it’s not the only factor that can contribute to a higher risk of developing this condition. If you suspect you may be experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder or would like to learn more about your potential risk for developing it, you might speak with a qualified healthcare provider.
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