Exploring Hyperlexia: The Rapid Development Of Reading And Writing Skills

Some children pick up certain skills more quickly than others. A child who rapidly learns to read and write at a level far beyond what is expected for their age may be said to have hyperlexia. In general, there are three types of hyperlexia, and this trait may be connected to neurodivergence in some cases. Exploring the signs of hyperlexia can be helpful for parents, as well as those who continue to be affected by this trait into adulthood. Those who live with hyperlexia and experience related mental health challenges may benefit from speaking to a licensed therapist for support.

What is hyperlexia? Hyperlexia, children with autism, and reading ability 

Hyperlexia generally involves the self-taught ability to read at a young age, usually accompanied by reading comprehension challenges. This trait does not constitute a diagnosis on its own but is often a part of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 

Hyperlexia is not necessarily harmful to a child. However, as the condition tends to be associated with comorbidities like ASD and ADHD, symptoms of hyperlexia can indicate to parents that psychological testing could be beneficial. Potential signs of hyperlexia can include the following: 

• Self-taught, rapid learning in reading, writing, and spelling alongside poor reading comprehension
• Being placed in upper-level reading groups at school
• Frequently repeating words (echolalia) 
• Being obsessed with words, numbers, and patterns
• Enjoying reading more than playing with toys or partaking in physical activity
• Difficulty with socialization and communication 

Why does hyperlexia occur? Understanding exceptional reading comprehension in children 

Hyperlexia is not listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD-11), so it is not a condition that can be diagnosed. 

However, doctors may consider hyperlexia as a trait when diagnosing other conditions, like autism spectrum disorder, as they are commonly related. 

Some children with hyperlexia may develop the ability to read early due to autism or a learning disorder. Others may be “neurotypical,” meaning they have typical neurological functioning and learning ability but are able to read at a higher level than average. There is no one cause of hyperlexia, and this ability is often considered a form of neurodivergence, a difference in brain function. 

Autism spectrum disorder, neurodivergence, and hyperlexia

Approximately 84% of children with hyperlexia are also diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder and form of neurodivergence that can involve social challenges, hyperfocus on interests, and repetitive behavior. 

Because children with autism tend to be more likely to develop hyper-fixations than neurotypical children, hyperlexia can be common when these children hyper-fixate on books, writing, letters, words, and numbers. 

Neurodivergence, which generally refers to differences in brain function that vary from what society or culture considers “typical,” can lead someone to be gifted in certain areas. 

When a person has a higher-than-normal ability in a certain area, such as reading, they may excel in certain classes in school. Some people with hyperlexia may also learn foreign languages more quickly than others. 

However, hyperlexia usually involves reading comprehension challenges, so children may find they can read easily but struggle to understand the meaning of the content they are reading.

Types of hyperlexia

There are three types of hyperlexia, including the following. 

Type one

The first type of hyperlexia normally occurs when a child without a disability or neurodevelopmental disorder develops exceptional reading and language skills beyond their age level. Children with type I hyperlexia do not have autism spectrum disorder or developmental delays. This form of hyperlexia can be seen as temporary and usually does not cause dysfunction or difficulty in other areas of learning. 

Type two: Hyperlexia in children with autism spectrum disorder

The second type of hyperlexia is unique to Autistic children and typically continues throughout life. These children may become hyper-fixated on numbers, letters, and books, and they may prefer reading to other activities. In addition, they may have exceptional memories and remember numbers easily. Since those with this type of hyperlexia have autism, they may also struggle with social interaction and frequently read to avoid socializing. 

Type three

The third type of hyperlexia can be similar to the second type, but it is usually temporary, and symptoms tend to disappear over time. Those with this type normally have excellent reading comprehension abilities but struggle with verbal language development. Their memory abilities for words, numbers, and patterns may also be higher than average. Those with this type are often extroverted and enjoy socializing with others. Some children with type three hyperlexia have autism spectrum disorder, but this is not always the case.

How parents and caregivers can support children with hyperlexia 

Supporting your child with hyperlexia may be as simple as celebrating their mind, loving them for who they are, and helping them develop reading comprehension skills. Below are a few potential ways to support them. 

Focus on their strengths

Some children with hyperlexia may struggle in other areas of learning, such as mathematics. It’s possible some may experience conditions like dyscalculia, a learning disability involving significant deficits related to mathematics. Seeking out a tutor who has experience helping children with learning disabilities may be helpful, and your child’s school may have additional resources available as well.

Focusing on your child’s strengths, positive characteristics, and interests may help them build their self-esteem. Praise them for their hard work and recognize their achievements. 

Speech and language therapy and occupational therapy for children with hyperlexia 

Children with hyperlexia and autism, especially those with type two and three hyperlexia, may benefit from seeing an occupational or speech therapist. These professionals can build a suitable treatment plan for your child. Children with speech challenges who excel in reading and writing can often learn to connect their reading abilities with speech.

Mental health support 

Children with hyperlexia may be more likely to experience co-occurring mental health conditions. Outside of autism, children might experience depression, anxiety, and stress. 

In addition, those with speech challenges or learning differences might experience bullying at school, which can put them at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therapy can be a helpful way for children to receive support and talk about their challenges with a licensed professional who can teach them effective coping strategies.

Finding a therapist

Parents and caregivers of neurodivergent children may benefit from talking to a therapist themselves. However, parents often have busy schedules and may struggle to find a suitable therapist in their area. In these cases, online therapy through a platform like BetterHelp may be more accessible. Teens can also access online therapy through a platform like TeenCounseling for those aged 13 to 19. 

Through an online platform, clients can learn more about parenting, child development, and mental health via phone, video, or live chat sessions with a therapist. Online platforms may also offer group sessions and webinars with topics related to mental health.

How online interventions can benefit parents

Research often supports the effectiveness of online therapy for parents of children with mental health challenges. According to a 2021 study, internet-based interventions can lead to improved emotional regulation skills for parents, as well as an enhanced ability to support their children. 

Takeaway 

Hyperlexia generally refers to the self-taught ability to read at a young age, usually accompanied by challenges with reading comprehension. Although hyperlexia is primarily present in children, type two hyperlexia may persist into adulthood for Autistic individuals. Online or in-person therapy can be a helpful way to cope with symptoms of co-occurring conditions like depression, anxiety, or autism spectrum disorder. Consider contacting a therapist online or in your area for support.