What Is The Autism Spectrum Quotient, And What Can It Tell Us?
The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) test is a questionnaire designed to identify and measure Autistic traits present in adults. The AQ is meant to be self-administered by individuals over 16 with an IQ greater than 80, although there are versions of the test available for children and others.
The history of the autism spectrum quotient test
The Autism Spectrum Quotient was developed by researcher Simon Baron-Cohen and his team at the Cambridge Autism Research Centre and published in a 2001 study. In the intervening years, clinicians have validated the test through test-retest reliability studies and inter-rater reliability studies.
Updates and criticisms of the autism spectrum quotient test and questionnaire
Throughout the lifespan of this assessment, updates have been made to correct outdated information. For example, in the initial test, a question assumed an Autistic person would score higher on being fascinated by dates, although this is now not considered to be universally true. While some agree that this tool is accurate, some Autistic advocacy groups note that some of the questions rely on outdated assumptions, often based on limited study groups of a certain demographic.
For example, one of the questions states, “When I’m reading a story, I can easily imagine what the characters look like,” which implies that Autistic people lack imagination. This assumption was thought to be the case in older studies. Still, it has since been attributed to affective alexithymia, which not every Autistic person necessarily scores on the test or experiences.
Benefits and uses of the autism spectrum quotient test
This test has been deemed a reliable preliminary tool for assessing traits within the autism spectrum. Health professionals use it to identify the potential benefit of more detailed assessment, while researchers use it to measure traits across different populations.
Another potential benefit of this test is that it increases autism awareness, allowing more people to recognize autistic traits in themselves and potentially in others. With greater recognition can come better understanding and increased support for the broader community.
How does the Autism Spectrum Quotient test work?
The Autism Spectrum Quotient test is made up of 50 statements, for which test-takers may choose one of the following:
- Definitely agree
- Slightly agree
- Slightly disagree
- Definitely disagree
The person taking the test may consider “agree” or “disagree” binary choices, as the qualifiers of “slightly” and “definitely” do not affect the scoring. The scoring range for this test is zero to 50, with a score higher than 26 indicating that an individual may have autism, with lower scores indicating that they may not.
Examples of questions from the autism spectrum quotient test
Questions address behaviors often associated with autism spectrum conditions, such as having very strong interests, the tendency to notice car number plates and other details, noticing small sounds, and having difficulty understanding people’s intentions. A few sample statements from the test include:
- “People often tell me that I keep going on and on about the same thing.”
- “I enjoy doing things spontaneously.”
- “If there is an interruption, I can switch back to what I was doing quickly.”
Scoring may be completed automatically on a website at the click of a button, or you can choose to self-score to document the process. However, when taking an online screening, note that the results are not an official diagnosis. Bring your results to a provider, or consider taking the test with a licensed psychologist for diagnosis and support options.
Diagnosing autism and screening other developmental disorders
While the Autism Spectrum Quotient has been recognized as an effective and accurate preliminary testing tool, it is not the same as receiving a diagnosis of autism, and not every Autistic person experiences the symptoms on this screening. The AQ is often considered a bridge between self-assessment and medical diagnosis. It may help someone who suspects they may have Autistic traits to identify them early and seek a diagnosis from a medical professional.
Considerations and benefits of seeking an autism diagnosis
Because this test offers a single score, it doesn’t necessarily offer significant insight into Autistic traits; it merely identifies that they are present. Not all adults who confirm through this test or a similar screening tool that they experience these traits may go on to seek a diagnosis. There are benefits to getting a diagnosis, as well as benefits to not getting one. This decision is often personal.
If you choose to get a diagnosis, doing so may be helpful in diagnosing co-occurring conditions. Often, autism is accompanied by one of several other conditions, including anxiety, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), immune dysfunction, or gastrointestinal disorders. If you experience a combination of these conditions, an autism diagnosis may help your doctor better understand and share useful information about these issues.
Screening process for autism diagnosis without laboratory tests
Autism diagnosis does not yet utilize any laboratory test. Rather, when you speak to your doctor about suspected traits, they may complete an initial screening that includes observation and questionnaires (more detailed than the AQ) to assess what is present and at what levels of severity they present. Next, your doctor may refer you to a specialist team for further screening and diagnosis.
What comes after an autism spectrum test diagnosis?
Being diagnosed with autism as an adult can open doors to joining Autistic programs and services that you may find helpful. Working with these groups might offer an improved understanding of yourself and provide a community with people who face similar challenges and triumphs. You can also learn how the perceptions and language have changed around autism over the years. For example, the term “high-functioning autism” is often considered inaccurate and inappropriate now.
Developing a treatment plan for autism traits and co-occurring symptoms
Your doctor can team up with you and other professionals to develop a treatment plan for certain symptoms that can be present with autism and co-occurring disorders such as gastrointestinal issues or ADHD.
Your doctor may also refer you to therapy. Evidence-based therapeutic approaches like cognitive-behavioral therapy have been found to improve symptoms of anxiety and depression, both common conditions found in people with autism. A therapist with experience working with autism may also share tools and coping mechanisms that you may find helpful.
Alternative support options
If attending in-person therapy appointments doesn’t work with your inclinations or schedule, online therapy through platforms like BetterHelp may be a more convenient solution. Research has shown that online therapy can be as effective as in-person therapy, and it offers a more flexible schedule while allowing you to meet with your therapist from the comfort of your home.
Online resources for managing autistic traits
Online platforms also offer clients the option to utilize resources like support groups, journaling prompts, and worksheets that may be helpful when navigating certain symptoms or accessibility challenges in daily life. Support groups for neurodivergent adults can be a way to meet other people with autism online.
Takeaway
Researchers and clinicians have approved the Autism Spectrum Quotient test as an effective first step in identifying Autistic traits. If you suspect that you may have autism and are interested in learning more, this screening may offer you a starting point. However, the AQ does not diagnose autism. To seek a diagnosis, reach out to a medical or mental health provider online or in your area.
What is a normal score on the autism spectrum quotient (AQ) questionnaire?
An average score on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire is typically between 16 and 31, indicating few or no autistic traits.
What is the lowest level of autism traits?
The lowest level of autism traits is often referred to as Level 1, which is sometimes called "high-functioning" autism.
What does level 1 autism look like in a diagnosis?
Level 1 autism in a diagnosis might involve difficulty with social interactions and communication, requiring some support, but individuals can generally function independently.
How do I know my autism level?
To know your autism level, a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional, including diagnostic assessments and clinical observations, is necessary.
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