Is Dementia Genetic?
Dementia is an umbrella term used to describe a variety of conditions that impact a person’s cognitive function, including things like memory, coordination, learning, and more. Though there are many types of dementia to consider, it’s generally true that genetics have little to nothing to do with a person’s likelihood of developing these diseases. Instead, it’s likely that many factors increase risk of cognitive decline in the vast majority of people affected.
Still, research into to what extent faulty genes play a role is still ongoing, and it may be possible that some types may be more likely to be directly inherited. In this article, we’ll discuss the nuance behind the causes and what you can do to seek the professional help you may need to combat its symptoms.
Family history and dementia
Whether dementia is hereditary depends heavily on the individual case. Many cases of dementia have little to do with a person’s genetics, but it’s also true that some, such as Alzheimer’s disease, may be more likely to be influenced by genetics than others.
The genetics aren’t completely understood. Researchers are still trying to understand what causes it and why, but in general, it seems that lifestyle factors and individual health risks may carry more weight than genetic variants. Likewise, things like brain injuries or damage caused by illicit substances can potentially alter the mind in ways that contribute to this illness later.
Alzheimer’s disease and genetics
Alzheimer’s does not have a direct genetic cause. If a person has a family history of the disease, it does not mean they’ve inherited a faulty gene and are likely to get the disease themselves. However, certain genetic variants may increase Alzheimer’s risk.
Several genes (at least 80 genetic areas, to date) are associated with Alzheimer’s, but one gene in particular may influence Alzheimer’s risk: the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. Additionally, three genes may lead to early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (EOFAD) – Amyloid precursor protein (APP) on chromosome 21, Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) on chromosome 14, and Presenilin 2 (PSEN2) on chromosome 1 – are known to cause Alzheimer’s disease. However, these are rare genes.
Genetic tests are not frequently used to diagnose Alzheimer’s or predict the risk of developing the disease. Individuals who chose to undergo testing typically do so in rare cases when recommended by a neurologist or other medical specialist. Some people may also participate in genetic testing in research settings to help experts better understand Alzheimer’s genetic associations.
Lewy body dementia and genetics
In general, Lewy body dementia is not considered to be a hereditary condition— having parents or grandparents with it doesn’t carry risk genes. It may be true, though, that having a family history of the condition can increase your level of risk. There are some additional risk factors involved that can help to determine whether someone is going to have Lewy body dementia.
Most people who contract Lewy body dementia are over the age of 50. There have been reported cases in younger people, but these are extremely rare. So, it seems that age is a common risk factor; the older you get, the more likely you may be to experience it.
Similarly, living with conditions like Parkinson's disease or sleep disorders can increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with Lewy body dementia. The exact reason why these sorts of factors might increase a person's chances of getting this illness isn't entirely understood, but it may relate to changes in brain cells that worsen over time, leading to cognitive decline.
Vascular dementia and genetics
There are rare forms of vascular dementia that may be caused by having certain genes. Genetic mutations of the NOTCH3 gene, for instance, are known to cause vascular dementia. This gene pattern can be inherited from your family, so in this way, it is true that vascular dementia can be hereditary. Even so, this is a rare form of the disease and is not typical of most people's experiences.
Common vascular dementia has yet to be linked to specific genetics. Progress has been made in determining certain things about the disease, but not everything is fully understood at this time. It will likely take further research performed by dedicated professionals to identify the genes linked to the risk.
Can it be prevented?
As it stands now, there aren’t any clearly defined or proven ways to prevent it or lower the risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Experts believe there are some things that people can do to take care of their brains and limit the risk of developing this illness but following them strictly doesn’t mean you certainly won’t experience it. Overall, it seems that healthy habits, regular healthcare, and an overall balanced lifestyle may be the best tools we have to prevent cognitive decline of any sort, especially when implemented at a younger age.
According to the World Health Organization, there are some things that research suggests may help people reduce their risk of dementia, including lifestyle changes such as:
Being physically active
Avoiding harmful substance use, including smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, etc.
Maintaining a healthy weight along with healthy blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels (also beneficial for preventing heart disease)
Eating a healthy, well-rounded diet
Likewise, there are some risk factors that experts believe may contribute to an increased risk of developing this later in life. Examples include:
Mental health disorders like depression, which may impact brain activity and function over time
Social isolation
Poor or little education, which may impact cognitive function
Air pollution
Cognitive inactivity, or failing to stimulate the brain
Seeking help for management
Your relationship with dementia and learning to live with it may be quite mentally taxing. If you seek out professional help to discuss your experiences, symptoms, and concerns, you may find that taking steps to manage your symptoms feels easier. This can be especially true for those who develop depression or another mental health disorder as a result of dementia; it’s not uncommon to experience changes in your mental health in conjunction with changes in cognitive ability.
Whether you live with dementia, know someone who does, or are simply looking for ways to mitigate your own risk of developing it, it may be beneficial to pursue professional advice through online therapy. Speaking to a therapist through the web can make it easier to find someone who has experience addressing your needs. Plus, you don’t have to leave the comfort of your own home to attend sessions, which can help you save time and money.
Even if you don’t have symptoms of a mental health disorder, it’s likely you can benefit from online therapy’s ability to improve mental wellness without breaking the bank. In fact, one recent review of 17 studies analyzing the benefits of online cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression found it could be just as, if not more effective as in-person therapy. It also noted that online CBT was overall more cost-effective for clients than traditional treatment.
Takeaway
Dementia is likely not a hereditary condition, though genetics and family history of dementia may increase your risk of developing it yourself. Still, it seems like other factors, many of which can be within your control, play a bigger role in shaping someone’s cognitive health as they age. The best way to prevent dementia, then, may be to take good care of your mental and physical health, stimulate your mind as best you can, and learn when it’s time to seek professional help for your concerns.
Read more below for answers to questions commonly asked about dementia.
Can dementia be inherited from the mother or father?
The risk of developing dementia can have a genetic component, but it's important to note that genetics is just one factor among many that contribute to the development. In most cases, it is a complex condition influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The genetic components of dementia are not sex-linked and are not passed down by the mother or father exclusively.
Who is at high risk?
Several factors contribute to the risk of developing dementia, and while some risk factors are beyond an individual's control, there are also modifiable factors that can be addressed to potentially reduce the risk. Here are key factors associated with an increased risk of dementia:
- Age: The risk of dementia increases with age. While dementia can affect individuals of any age, the prevalence rises significantly in older populations.
- Genetics and Family History: Certain genetic factors and a family history of dementia can contribute to an increased risk. Genetic testing indicates that gene mutations are associated with a higher likelihood of developing conditions like Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.
- Gender: Women, on average, tend to have a higher risk of developing dementia than men. This is partly due to the longer life expectancy of women.
- Cardiovascular Health: Conditions that affect the cardiovascular system, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol, are linked to an increased risk of dementia. Maintaining heart health may be crucial for brain health.
- Lifestyle Factors: Unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, and lack of physical activity, are associated with a higher risk of dementia. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can contribute to overall brain health.
- Head Injuries: A history of severe head injuries, especially those resulting in loss of consciousness, is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia later in life.
- Mental Health: Conditions such as depression, anxiety, and chronic stress may contribute to cognitive decline and increase the risk of dementia. Mental health is interconnected with brain health.
What causes it in early age?
Dementia in early age, often referred to as early-onset dementia, can have various underlying causes. While age is a significant risk factor for most types of dementia, early-onset dementia typically refers to cases where individuals develop dementia symptoms appear before the age of 65. The causes of early-onset dementia can include:
- Genetic Factors: In some cases, early-onset dementia or familial Alzheimer’s disease is associated with specific genetic mutations or genetic variants. For example, mutations in gene variants can increase dementia risk and may lead to the development of dementia at an earlier age.
- Alzheimer's Disease: Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, and it can occur in individuals under the age of 65. Early-onset or young-onset Alzheimer's disease often has a stronger genetic component or genetic risk factors associated with the amyloid precursor protein. Environmental factors and lifestyle choices may also play a role for individuals who develop Alzheimer’s disease.
- Vascular Dementia: Conditions that affect blood vessels and blood flow to the brain, such as strokes or small vessel disease, can lead to vascular dementia. Some individuals may at a heightened risk of developing vascular dementia at an earlier age due to these vascular issues.
- Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): Frontotemporal dementia is a group of disorders characterized by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. FTD often presents with changes in personality, behavior, and language. It can occur in individuals in their 40s and 50s.
- Lewy Body Dementia: Lewy body dementia is characterized by the presence of abnormal protein deposits (Lewy bodies) in the brain. It can cause a range of cognitive and motor symptoms. Onset can occur in individuals under the age of 65.
- Huntington's Disease: Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that can cause progressive deterioration of cognitive and motor functions. Symptoms typically appear between the ages of 30 and 50.
- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Severe head injuries, especially those resulting in loss of consciousness, can increase the risk of developing dementia later in life.
How early can it start?
Dementia can start at different ages, and the term "early-onset dementia" typically refers to cases where symptoms appear before the age of 65 and can begin in one's 30s, 40s, or 50s. However, the age at which dementia may begin can vary depending on the specific type of dementia and the underlying causes.
How can you avoid dementia?
While there is no guaranteed way to prevent dementia or to avoid developing Alzheimer’s disease, adopting a healthy lifestyle and managing risk factors can contribute to maintaining brain health and potentially reducing the risk of cognitive decline. Here are 10 strategies that may help:
- Stay Physically Active
- Maintain a Healthy Diet
- Control Cardiovascular Risk Factors
- Get Quality Sleep
- Stay Mentally Active
- Socialize Regularly
- Manage Stress
- Limit Alcohol Consumption
- Don't Smoke
- Safeguard Your Head
What are the 10 warning signs?
The warning signs of dementia can vary, but certain common indicators may suggest the presence of cognitive decline. It's important to note that occasional forgetfulness or mild cognitive lapses are normal, especially with aging. However, persistent and worsening issues may warrant further evaluation. Here are 10 warning signs of dementia:
- Memory Loss: Forgetting recently learned information, important dates, and events. Individuals with dementia may repeat the same questions or statements.
- Difficulty with Planning and Problem-Solving: Struggling to plan or organize tasks. Completing familiar tasks, such as following a recipe or managing finances, may become challenging.
- Language and Communication Issues: Difficulty finding the right words, expressing thoughts, or understanding spoken or written language. Conversations may become confusing or disjointed.
- Disorientation: Confusion about the time of day, date, or location. Individuals with dementia may get lost in familiar places.
- Impaired Judgment: Poor decision-making, especially in situations involving risk. Individuals may make inappropriate choices or exhibit a lack of judgment.
- Difficulty Completing Familiar Tasks: Struggling to complete tasks that were once routine, such as dressing, cooking, or driving.
- Changes in Mood or Personality: Mood swings, irritability, or uncharacteristic behavior. Individuals may experience shifts in personality or become withdrawn.
- Misplacing Items: Putting things in unusual places and being unable to retrace steps to locate them. This goes beyond normal forgetfulness.
- Decreased or Poor Judgment: Making inappropriate or poor decisions in social or work settings. Individuals may become more vulnerable to scams or unsafe situations.
- Withdrawal from Social Activities: A decline in social engagement and withdrawal from friends, family, and activities that were once enjoyable.
Can stress cause dementia?
While stress is a normal part of life and does not directly cause dementia, there is evidence to suggest that chronic and prolonged stress may contribute to cognitive decline and an increased risk of developing dementia over time.
What can a family do to avoid dementia?
While there is no foolproof way to prevent dementia, there are lifestyle choices and habits that may contribute to maintaining brain health and potentially reducing the risk of cognitive decline. Families can work together to adopt practices that support overall well-being. Here are some strategies:
- Promote a Healthy Diet: Encourage a balanced and nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Diets such as the Mediterranean or DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) have been associated with brain health.
- Regular Physical Activity: Encourage regular physical exercise for both aerobic and strength training. Activities like walking, jogging, swimming, or group exercises can benefit both physical and cognitive health.
- Mental Stimulation: Engage in activities that stimulate the mind, such as reading, puzzles, games, and learning new skills. The family can participate in activities that challenge cognitive abilities.
- Social Engagement: Promote social connections and family activities. Regular interactions with friends and family can provide emotional support and contribute to cognitive well-being.
- Healthy Sleep Habits: Emphasize the importance of quality sleep. Encourage consistent sleep patterns and create a comfortable sleep environment.
- Stress Management: Teach stress management techniques, such as mindfulness, deep breathing, or relaxation exercises. Create a supportive family environment that fosters open communication.
- Regular Health Check-Ups: Encourage regular medical check-ups and screenings for conditions that may impact brain health, such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
- Limit Alcohol and Tobacco Use: Promote responsible alcohol consumption, and discourage smoking or tobacco use. Both excessive alcohol intake and smoking are associated with an increased risk of dementia.
- Safeguard Against Head Injuries: Encourage safety measures to prevent head injuries. Use helmets during activities with a risk of falls or accidents.
How can you avoid Alzheimer’s?
Alzheimer’s disease affects different people in different ways and reducing the impact of the disease may be multifaceted. Several lifestyle choices and habits have been associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline and may contribute to maintaining brain health. Adopting a combination of these strategies can be beneficial:
- Healthy Diet
- Regular Physical Exercise
- Mental Stimulation
- Social Engagement
- Adequate Sleep
- Stress Management
- Manage Chronic Health Conditions
- Limit Alcohol Intake
- Don't Smoke
- Safeguard Against Head Injuries
- Stay Mentally Active
Can dementia be cured?
There is currently no cure for most types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common form of dementia. Dementia is typically a progressive condition, meaning that symptoms worsen over time, and it can significantly impact cognitive function, memory, and daily functioning. While there is no cure, various treatment approaches and interventions can help manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and provide support for individuals with dementia and their caregivers.
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