Understanding Symptoms Of Manic Depression (Bipolar Disorder)

Can you have highs and lows with depression?

Yes, individuals with depression can experience periods of highs and lows, sometimes described as severe mood swings or mood shifts, and this pattern is sometimes referred to as "mood cycling" or "cycling depression." While depression is often associated with persistent depressed mood, energy loss, and feelings of hopelessness, some people with depression may also have episodes of increased energy, heightened mood, and restlessness. Drinking alcohol or not getting enough sleep can also worsen symptoms.

The highs and lows of depression may be commonly seen in certain types of clinical depression or mental illness, such as bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania or hypomania. In these cases, the individual may experience major depressive episodes characterized by the typical symptoms of low energy, changes in sleep, anxious distress, appetite changes, weight gain or loss, and loss of interest in things they used to enjoy. They may also have manic or hypomanic episodes, which involve elevated mood, increased energy, impulsivity, and sometimes, a decreased need for sleep. Early recognition and early intervention are essential to effectively treat bipolar disorder and help manage stress. Early treatment and education can also help prevent bipolar disorder from worsening over time. 

What kind of depression has highs and lows?

​​A type of depression that involves both depressive episodes and periods of heightened mood or energy is known as bipolar disorder. There are different subtypes of bipolar disorder, and they are characterized by the specific nature and duration of mood symptoms. 

Subtypes and symptoms of bipolar disorder

The two main subtypes are bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder.

Bipolar I disorder:

This subtype involves manic episodes, which are distinct periods of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Individuals with bipolar I disorder also experience major depressive episodes and might have episodes severe enough to involve psychosis, according to the American Psychiatric Association. The manic episodes in bipolar I disorder are more severe and can significantly impact daily functioning.

Bipolar II disorder:

Bipolar II disorder is characterized by depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes. Hypomanic episodes are similar to manic episodes but are less severe in intensity and do not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning. Individuals with bipolar II disorder often experience more depressive episodes than hypomanic episodes. Bipolar depression is a common and significant feature of this type.

Both bipolar I and bipolar II disorders involve cycling between depressive and elevated mood states, sometimes manifesting as rapid cycling, a pattern that can be notably distressing. The periods of depression in bipolar disorder are similar to those seen in major depressive disorder (major depression), and the highs (mania or hypomania) are distinctive features of bipolar disorder. Sometimes, symptoms may not fully align with established criteria, resulting in diagnoses such as unspecified bipolar.

For some individuals, the lows may follow a seasonal pattern. This is called seasonal affective disorder (SAD), in which a person may feel depressed during particular times of year. These individuals may often experience depression in the winter due to a lack of sunlight, or in summer if the heat is too intense to spend time outdoors. 

Why is my mood so up and down?

Mood fluctuations, experiencing both ups and downs, can be influenced by a variety of factors. While occasional shifts in mood are a normal part of life, persistent and extreme mood swings may indicate an underlying mental health condition. These fluctuations can also be linked to related disorders, such as anxiety, depression, or even pediatric bipolar disorder, a condition that can begin in early childhood. Here are several potential reasons why your mood might be fluctuating:

• Stress: Stressful life events, ongoing stressors, or major life changes can impact mood. High levels of stress may contribute to mood swings and emotional fluctuations. Strategies like talk therapy can help better manage stress.
• Sleep patterns: Disruptions in sleep patterns, including insufficient sleep or irregular sleep schedules, can affect mood stability. Both sleep deprivation and excessive sleep can influence emotional well-being.
• Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, can contribute to mood swings. After giving birth, hormonal fluctuations may cause postpartum depression, causing a person to experience extreme highs and lows. 
• Diet and nutrition: Poor nutrition, irregular eating habits, or imbalances in blood sugar levels can influence mood. Nutrient deficiencies may affect the production of neurotransmitters related to mood management.
• Mental health conditions: Mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder, involve significant mood swings. Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition, and bipolar disorder typically includes episodes of mania or hypomania (elevated mood) alternating with depressive episodes.
• Substance use: Drug and alcohol misuse, as well as the misuse of medications, can affect mood stability. Substance-induced mood changes may contribute to fluctuations in emotional well-being.
• Medical conditions: Some medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders, neurological conditions, or chronic pain, can impact mood. Addressing the underlying medical issue may help stabilize mood. In some people, premenstrual dysphoric disorder may cause a depressed mood before menstruation. 
• Environmental factors: Environmental factors, including the quality of relationships, work stress, and living conditions, can influence mood. Negative or positive changes in the environment may impact emotional well-being.

How do I know if I'm bipolar?

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including manic and hypomanic episodes (elevated mood) and depressive episodes. If you are concerned that you might have bipolar disorder, it's important to seek guidance from healthcare professionals to get a proper diagnosis and start a suitable treatment plan. A bipolar disorder diagnosed at an early stage can improve treatment outcomes and quality of life for people with bipolar disorder.  

Signs and symptoms of manic depression (bipolar disorder)

Signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder (formerly manic depressive illness) often begin with noticeable shifts in mood, periods of unusually high energy or irritability (the manic phase), followed by episodes of deep sadness and low motivation. Risk factors like a family history of bipolar disorder might increase your likelihood of developing the condition. Here are some signs and symptoms associated with bipolar disorder:

• Manic episodes in bipolar I disorder: Involves at least one manic episode, which is a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Manic episodes are severe and often accompanied by impaired judgment, impulsivity, and increased energy.
• Hypomanic episodes in bipolar II disorder: Involves at least one hypomanic episode, which is similar to a manic episode but less severe. Hypomanic episodes are characterized by an elevated mood, increased energy, and impulsivity.
• Depressive episodes: Both bipolar I and bipolar II disorders involve depressive episodes, during which individuals experience persistent low mood, changes in sleep and appetite, feelings of hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities.
• Mood swings: Individuals with bipolar disorder may experience rapid mood swings, with distinct shifts between periods of depression and elevated mood.
• Impaired Functioning: Bipolar disorder can significantly impact daily functioning, including relationships, work, and overall quality of life.
• Sleep disturbances: Changes in sleep patterns are common during manic or hypomanic episodes, where individuals may experience a decreased need for sleep. Conversely, during depressive episodes, there may be excessive sleep.
• Impulsivity and risky behavior: Manic or hypomanic episodes may be characterized by impulsive and risky behaviors, such as excessive spending, substance abuse, or engaging in reckless activities.

Bipolar disorder can involve racing thoughts and other intense symptoms. If these worsen, the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline can offer immediate support.

What is the highest level of depression?

The severity of depression is often categorized into different levels based on the intensity and impact of mood symptoms. One commonly used classification system is the diagnostic criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. 

The levels of depression severity include:

• Mild depression: Presence of some symptoms that cause minor impairment in daily functioning. Individuals with mild depression may still be able to carry out daily activities, but may find it challenging. When these symptoms persist over time, it may be called persistent depressive disorder. 
• Moderate depression: More pronounced symptoms that interfere with daily functioning. Individuals with moderate depression often find it difficult to perform regular activities and may require additional support.
• Severe depression: Symptoms are significantly impairing, and individuals may struggle to complete even basic daily tasks. Severe depression may include a major depressive episode, which can have a profound impact on various aspects of life, including work, relationships, and overall quality of life. Severe depression may coexist with other mental health conditions or related disorders, such as anxiety or substance misuse. 
• Major depressive disorder with psychotic features: In some cases, severe depression may include psychotic symptoms or features such as hallucinations or delusions. This may be referred to as psychotic depression, which is a more complex form of depression that requires treatment from a mental health specialist.

What are ADHD mood swings like? 

Mood swings are not a core symptom of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD primarily involves difficulties with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. However, individuals with ADHD may experience emotional challenges, which can be linked to mental health problems or related disorders, sometimes sharing some of the same symptoms as bipolar disorder symptoms or other psychological issues.

Why do I keep crying for no reason?

Experiencing episodes of crying for no apparent reason can be a symptom of various underlying factors, including emotional, psychological, or physiological issues. If your crying spells come with other symptoms, such as persistent depressed mood, anxiety, or hopelessness, seek assistance from a healthcare professional or call the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (988). Here are some potential reasons why someone might find themselves crying unexpectedly:

• Emotional distress
• Mood disorders
• Hormonal changes
• Medical conditions
• Medication side effects
• Stress
• Trauma or past experiences
• Lack of sleep
• Mental illness or underlying mental health conditions
• Grief and loss

How do I know if I'm mentally ill?

If you are concerned about your mental health, it may be crucial to consult with a qualified mental health professional for a thorough assessment and guidance tailored to your situation. Experiencing certain symptoms may indicate a mental illness, such as bipolar disorder, or other psychological conditions. Here are some general signs that might suggest you should seek professional help or contact a crisis lifeline for immediate support:

• Persistent changes in mood
• Difficulty functioning
• Social withdrawal
• Changes in sleep patterns
• Appetite changes
• Intense or persistent fear or worry
• Difficulty concentrating
• Unexplained physical symptoms
• Changes in behavior or personality
• Drug and alcohol misuse 

Do I have symptoms of bipolar disorder or ADHD?

Both bipolar disorder and ADHD can have overlapping symptoms, such as difficulty with concentration and impulsivity. However, the nature of mood episodes distinguishes bipolar disorder from ADHD. Individuals with bipolar disorder, formerly  known as manic depressive illness, experience distinct periods of mania or hypomania and depression, often accompanied by manic symptoms. In contrast, ADHD is primarily characterized by persistent attention and hyperactivity issues, rather than episodic mood changes typical of bipolar disorder symptoms, such as those found in bipolar depression.