Learn How PTSD And Depression Are Connected & Explore Mental Health Support
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Exploring how PTSD and depression are connected
Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are separate, unique disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). However, it’s not uncommon for them to co-occur simultaneously in the same individual. In other words, these two conditions have a comorbid relationship.
Determining whether a diagnosis of one or both may be appropriate for a given individual can be difficult at times, since some symptoms may overlap. That’s one reason it’s typically important to seek the support of a qualified healthcare provider if you’re experiencing signs of PTSD, depression, or another mental illness. Read on for a brief overview of both of these conditions along with more information on their relationship.
What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is categorized by the DSM-5 as a trauma- and stress-related disorder that can develop after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic or deeply disturbing event. Examples of such events include war, a natural disaster, assault, the sudden or traumatic loss of a loved one, or a car accident. A mental health professional can thoroughly evaluate an individual’s symptoms to decide whether to diagnose PTSD or not.
Note that ongoing instances of traumatization, such as abuse, may result in another type of this disorder known as complex posttraumatic stress disorder, or c-PTSD. The two often manifest as similar symptoms, except that those associated with c-PTSD from a series of traumatic events may be even more intense. Individuals with c-PTSD may experience more problems related to low self-esteem, trouble managing their emotions, and a pattern of unhealthy relationships in addition.
Symptoms of complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Symptoms of PTSD and c-PTSD in general can be very serious and are often debilitating. They typically fall into four categories:
Intrusions, such as intrusive thoughts, unwanted memories, flashbacks, or nightmares that can be so vivid that they’re like experiencing the event(s) all over again
Avoidance of anything that reminds them of the event(s) (people, places, things) and brings up intrusive memories of it, typically along with avoidance of talking about it or how they feel about it
Mood/cognition changes, such as distorted, negative thoughts about themselves or others, guilt, hopelessness, a tendency to feel detached, low energy levels, and the inability to feel joy or satisfaction
Reactivity, such as feeling irritable, engaging in risky and/or self-destructive behaviors, being easily startled, having anxiety issues, angry outbursts, trouble concentrating, and sleep disturbances
What is depression, or major depressive disorder?
Depression, or major depressive disorder (MDD), is a mood disorder and one of the most common mental health disorders in general. The precise cause of depression isn’t fully understood, but it’s thought to be the result of some combination of genetics, brain chemistry, and environment or experiences—including traumatic experiences, if applicable.
Symptoms of depression
Depression symptoms can be very serious in most people and are often debilitating as well. Some of the most common ones include:
A lack of interest in activities once enjoyed
Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness
Significant changes in sleeping and/or eating patterns
Trouble concentrating
Fatigue or low-energy
Persistent feelings of sadness or emptiness
Physical pain (headaches, stomachaches) that have no other clear cause
It’s also important to note that the underlying dimensions of both PTSD and depression can manifest as self-harming behaviors like substance misuse (formerly known as “substance abuse”) or thoughts of suicide. This is just one reason that it’s important to be able to recognize the symptoms of these disorders and seek treatment and support right away.
Depression and PTSD: traumatic events and comorbidity
The key takeaway about the relationship between these two mental illnesses is that having PTSD increases your chances of developing depression.
Research on how PTSD and depression are connected
According to the National Center for PTSD, research suggests that a person with this illness is three to five times more likely to experience depression than someone without PTSD. Even these statistics may be lower than the actual numbers because it can sometimes be difficult to isolate symptoms of depression in someone who is already showing signs of or has been diagnosed with PTSD.
Posttraumatic stress disorder develops as a result of having witnessed or experienced trauma, and depression can as well—though it can also be caused by other factors unrelated to trauma. This is one of the alternative explanations for why it’s not uncommon for someone who has gone through a traumatic event(s) to develop both PTSD and depression.
Treatment options for depression or PTSD symptoms
Treatment methods for PTSD and depression can vary depending on the person and their specific circumstances. However, talk therapy—particularly cognitive behavioral therapy—is typically the first recommended approach. It offers the individual a safe space to process and work through any trauma they may have experienced. A therapist specializing in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can also help them learn to notice PTSD symptoms and then shift distorted thoughts about the experience, themselves, or others that may be contributing to their symptoms.
Finally, therapy can teach the individual a set of healthy coping mechanisms that work for them so they can safely manage symptoms or other difficult emotions in the future. Note that medication like a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) may also be one of the treatment considerations suggested in tandem with therapy in some cases. Lifestyle changes like eating nutritious foods and exercising regularly may be recommended for PTSD and depressive and anxiety disorders as well.
Seeking online therapy with a mental health professional for PTSD and/or depression
Some people may find the prospect of visiting a therapist in person to discuss a traumatic experience and/or difficult symptoms to be intimidating or nerve-wracking. In cases like these, online therapy can represent a more comfortable alternative for learning to manage or reduce symptoms. With an online therapy service like BetterHelp, you can get matched with a licensed therapist who you can speak with via video, phone, and/or in-app messaging from the comfort of your home.
Efficacy of online CBT for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression
A 2023 study suggests that online CBT for PTSD can be as effective as the in-person type, and a wealth of studies and epidemiological surveys in recent years have suggested the same for depression and anxiety disorders. That means you can typically feel comfortable in choosing whichever format feels best for you if you’re experiencing symptoms of either or both of these conditions.
Takeaway
Can PTSD lead to depression?
It is common for people who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to also experience depression, as surviving a traumatic or stressful event is a risk factor for both mental health conditions. Major depression can even be a progression secondary to post-traumatic stress disorder. For that reason, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder often co-occur, which can lead to feelings of persistent low mood and a loss of interest in activities.
It is important to address both conditions and seek mental health resources for a comprehensive approach to treatment, which may include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and other evidence-based treatments. For example, many patients can benefit from an integrated care plan tailored to their specific symptoms. Always consult a doctor before consuming prescription medication.
How do you deal with post-traumatic stress disorder triggers?
It is essential to understand the triggers — when they occur and why. Determining the foundation of these triggers may be easier with the help of trusted family members or a mental health professional. Coping strategies such as grounding techniques, controlled breathing, and relaxation exercises can also be helpful in managing anxiety related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
These techniques may also support individuals experiencing depression, which can sometimes accompany PTSD and intensify negative feelings. Seeking additional treatment resources, like therapy or counseling, can be vital in processing the impact of triggers over time. For example, many patients report that developing consistent coping strategies can lead to greater emotional stability.
How do you deal with post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety?
Managing PTSD-related anxiety might involve therapeutic intervention, support groups, and self-help strategies. These approaches can be especially important after a traumatic event or when dealing with ongoing trauma. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most effective forms of treatment, but supplementing this treatment with mindfulness practices can contribute to improvement. For veterans, trauma survivors, or other patients, additional support through psychotherapy or talk therapy may help address difficult feelings, such as guilt, irritability, and negative emotional affect.
Substance misuse, including alcohol or drugs, should be avoided as it can worsen anxiety symptoms and increase the risk of depression. Seeking professional advice and treatment from a doctor or other healthcare professional is important to create a personalized care plan. Articles published in sources like World J Psychiatry and Psychiatry Res emphasize that for most people, the right combination of therapy and support may lead to better outcomes and improve patients' negative feelings and overall quality of life.
Can you have post-traumatic stress disorder without depression?
While these conditions often occur comorbidly, not everyone with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will necessarily develop depression. According to research, most people with post-traumatic stress disorder do not experience depressive symptomatology, but over 30% of people with the disorder do. This shows that while they frequently co-occur, PTSD and depression can also exist independently.
The presence or absence of depression may depend on various factors, including the nature of the trauma, the individual’s support system, and the availability of treatment like therapy or psychotherapy. For example, some veterans may develop PTSD without depressive symptoms, while others might struggle with persistent feelings of sadness, guilt, or numbness. Either way, being open to talk therapy and other supportive interventions can lead to improved quality of life and reduced emotional trouble.
Do people with post-traumatic stress disorder cry easily?
People with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may find themselves more prone to emotional reactions, including crying. Post-traumatic stress disorder can heighten emotional responsiveness and lead to intense emotional episodes when confronted with trauma-related triggers or distressing memories. These reactions may also be influenced by co-occurring conditions like depression, which can amplify emotional feelings and sensitivity.
It's important to recognize that emotional responses vary among individuals, so seeking help from a mental health professional for treatment is advisable if these reactions become overwhelming. For example, many patients benefit from trauma-focused therapy to better manage their emotional responses and improve daily functioning.
Is it normal to cry with post-traumatic stress disorder?
Crying is a normal emotional response to trauma or traumatic experiences, and it can be part of the healing process for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It’s especially common after a traumatic event such as childhood abuse (or child abuse), domestic violence, and sexual violence resulting in trauma stress. However, the frequency or intensity of crying can vary from person to person. For some individuals, it may be tied to negative thoughts, low mood, or trouble sleeping, which are often symptoms of major depression, or major depressive disorder, which can have a possible co-occurrence with PTSD.
If crying becomes disruptive or persistent, it is advisable to seek treatment and help from a mental health provider or other healthcare professional, as this can be a sign of unresolved trauma stress as well as some mental disorders. Many patients may benefit from therapy, psychotherapy, or in some cases, medication such as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The availability of more mental health resources and awareness of possible risk factors can support early intervention and recovery.
How do I know if I suffer from PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder?
Diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves a comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional or doctor. The process typically includes discussing your symptoms, experiences, and history of exposure to a traumatic or stressful event. If you exhibit symptoms such as re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance, hyperarousal, and emotional distress, you may be experiencing symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder.
These symptoms can also overlap with depression, including low mood or numbed feelings, so seeking professional assessment is essential for an accurate diagnosis. For example, many patients struggling with PTSD may find that timely treatment and therapy can greatly improve their quality of life and could lead to long-term emotional recovery.
What happens when post-traumatic stress disorder is triggered?
When post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is triggered, individuals may experience a range of distressing symptoms, such as flashbacks, nightmares, increased heart rate, intense anxiety, and a sense of impending danger. These symptoms can lead to emotional distress, irritability, and difficulty managing daily life, making it important to develop coping strategies and seek treatment to manage the impact of triggers. For some patients, especially veterans or those with a history of severe trauma, the severity of reactions may feel overwhelming.
PTSD triggers may also worsen depression, complicate emotional feelings, and cause physical symptoms like chest pain or dizziness. Studies in publications like J Trauma Stress show that both PTSD and comorbid conditions carry a high risk, especially when left untreated. It could be important to develop coping strategies and seek treatment, which may involve therapy, psychotherapy, or working with a doctor to create a personalized treatment plan. For most people, learning to talk about their experiences and recognizing the role of a possible genetic factor may help reduce the impact of triggers and support healing.
How do you know if you are traumatized?
Trauma can manifest in various ways, including symptoms of anxiety, emotional distress, trouble sleeping, and intrusive thoughts related to a stressful event. If you find that past experiences are significantly impacting your daily life, relationships, and well-being, it may be an indicator of existing trauma or even PTSD. For example, unresolved trauma can also contribute to depression or overwhelming feelings of fear, sadness, or detachment.
Seeking support from mental health resources, such as counseling, family therapy, or support groups, can be beneficial in addressing the effects of trauma. Talking to a professional can help assess the severity of symptoms and provide personalized treatment. Research published in journals like J Trauma Stress suggests that early intervention and open talk can lead to better outcomes for patients managing trauma. More mental health resources can be found here.
What is the best medicine for mental health conditions like PTSD and depression?
Some known medications for post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), second-generation antipsychotics, and even antidepressants. On the other hand, depression medications include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, and stimulants. These medications may help manage symptoms common in individuals affected by trauma, childhood abuse, or affective disorders such as trouble sleeping, low mood, irritability, and negative thoughts.
It is important to consult a physician, doctor, healthcare professional, or psychiatrist for a proper and accurate diagnosis and medication for your condition based on diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Proper treatment may often involve a combination of medication, therapy, and more mental health resources. This approach may be especially helpful for veterans, trauma survivors, or patients whose feelings and overall functioning have been disrupted by fear, guilt, or other severe symptoms. Addressing mental health early may lead to significant improvements in daily life as well as the mood of an individual.
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