What Is A Dysfunctional Family, And What Is It Like To Grow Up In One?

Many issues that arise later in life may originate from childhood experiences in a dysfunctional family. One in seven children faces trauma, such as emotional abuse or abnormal sexual behavior, which can impact their emotional well-being into adulthood. Dysfunctional family members and common dysfunctional parental behavior contribute to creating an unhealthy environment. Begin by examining the characteristics of a family's dysfunction and the long-term effects of growing up in such families.

What is a dysfunctional family?

Dysfunctional families may appear diverse, as family dynamics can be intricate. The McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine defines a dysfunctional family as “a family with multiple internal or external conflicts that affect the basic needs of the family unit.” For instance, this may involve:

• Sibling rivalries
• Parent-child conflicts
• Domestic violence or sexual abuse
• Physical or mental illness
• Single parenthood or one parent households
• Alcohol, drug use, or an addicted parent
• Extramarital affairs
• Gambling addiction
• Unemployment influences
• Financial concerns
• Other traumatic family occurrences, such as unfair treatment

Some families have minor dysfunction, while others have deeply rooted issues leading to serious problems. Numerous factors can contribute to dysfunctional family life, with each occurring to varying degrees.

What are the factors of a dysfunctional family?

If you grew up in a dysfunctional family, you might have faced concerns since childhood, affecting you even as an adult. Dysfunctional families, involving other family members, tend to be unstable or conflict-ridden. The caregiver/s might be so preoccupied with their worries and needs that they fail to meet those of the children, leading to neglect, abuse, or conflict.

Such children may feel lonely, developing low self-esteem and self-worth. They might experience physical or mental health problems and adopt survival mechanisms or unhealthy coping mechanisms as a result. Kids raised in these toxic environments often carry survival mechanisms with them for years.

The following factors may indicate family dysfunction. You might also take the ACES test, as providers often use it to determine if someone experienced trauma as a child.

Family history of dysfunction

Dysfunctional family patterns may repeat themselves within such families. For example, people may learn their parenting styles from their own parents or caregivers. If one or both caregivers abused them, they might abuse their children or struggle to model healthy relationships.

In some cases, parents may try to avoid abusing their children as they were abused, by being lenient or neglectful. Spouses might partake in conflict if their parents did, not understanding how to exhibit healthy behaviors.

Those who grew up in dysfunctional households can learn healthier techniques for parenting. They may address the negative emotions they carry as adults and learn how to love, appreciate, respect, and treat others healthily.

A willingness to work on overcoming these issues can help end a dysfunctional family environment. For example, trauma therapy can be effective in treating adults who were sexually abused. Additionally, your attachment style can change over time. 

Medical problems

Physical illness alone may not cause family dysfunction. However, it may have impacts on the family unit, involving other family members. Parents might rely on their children, including younger siblings, to care for their health, which can cause anxiety and depression. Additionally, if one family member is ill and is not cared for, this may cause the children to grow up invalidating their illnesses.

You may not have had any control over the illness that strained your family, but you can control your actions, learn to use the resources available, such as a support group, and meet your children's needs.

Mental illness

Biology may play a role in many mental illnesses. However, behavioral issues that can accompany them may make family life much more challenging, especially without treatment. 

People with untreated mental illnesses like trauma disorders, anxiety, or depression may act unhealthily toward their families. With treatment, people with mental illness may start to contribute positively. 

Life circumstances

Stress is often an unavoidable part of life. While low levels of stress can positively impact people and push them to achieve their goals, excessive stress may jeopardize a family's safety and well-being, even in a two parent household.

High levels of stress could lead to hostility within a family, affecting both the other parent and other members. Learning to manage life's stressors healthily can be essential to the happiness and well-being of the individual and the family. When you model healthy coping strategies to your children, including a rebellious child, they may learn how to control their emotions.

Addiction

Substance addiction, gambling, or psychological addictions may lead to codependency, with caretakers spending excessive amounts of time, energy, and other resources on the individual who’s addicted. Certain family roles in addiction are adopted by the family members to cope with the situation. At times, children fill the role of caretaker. When an addiction is severe, it may drain a family’s financial and emotional resources, including the emotional resources of children living with a parent who’s addicted. A parent living with an untreated substance use disorder or other addiction may be emotionally unavailable to their children. 

While addiction can cause problems within a family, addictive behaviors may also develop due to dysfunctional family dynamics. Those living in a family that doesn’t meet their needs may turn to substances, food, or gambling for temporary relief. 

Perfectionism

Parents who are perfectionistic may put pressure on their partners and children not just to do their best but to accomplish the impossible. Perfectionism may lead to unrealistic expectations and be detrimental to family life. 

Loved ones of perfectionistic individuals might feel they’re walking on eggshells. Children with perfectionist parents may lose their innate lighthearted spirit and find learning difficult. These children may lack self-esteem or feel at fault for their parent’s behavior. 

Ineffective communication

Poor communication may be a characteristic of a dysfunctional family. Problems might be managed with open, honest, and healthy communication. 

Dysfunctional families may struggle to listen to each other, and indirect communication could cause bitterness or passive-aggressive behavior. Teaching children active listening skills and learning them yourself may avoid this. 

Lack of empathy

When caregivers lack empathy, their children may feel that a parent’s love is conditional. When a parent shows empathy, they model this trait to the child, which may help children become compassionate, empathetic adults. Empathy is a skill that can be learned.

In healthy families, caregivers are often intent on helping their children make good decisions and learn from their mistakes rather than belittling them or instilling shame.

Excessive attempts to control

Dysfunctional families are often characterized by a caregiver's excessive need to control their children or partner. When parents fail to help children develop a healthy sense of autonomy, children may not feel self-confident and struggle to form relationships with their own friends.

Taking a more relaxed, accepting approach encourages kids to do their best in every situation rather than living to appease the controlling parent. Regarding parenting styles, studies show that authoritative parenting is often the most beneficial. 

Lack of seclusion and independence

Parents in dysfunctional families may lack trust in their children and invade their comfort and seclusion. While there are times when parents may need to know what’s going on with their children, parents in a functional family may utilize honest communication and questions instead of forcing their child to open up.

Constant criticism

Criticism may run rampant in a dysfunctional family. At times, the criticism could be blatant, with parents chastising everything the child says or does. Other times, parents take a more subtle approach by using sarcasm, insults, or teasing. When criticism involves attempts to frighten, control, or isolate, it may signify emotional abuse.

Dysfunctional family roles

There are five to six common roles in a dysfunctional family:

• Enabler or caretaker: The individual may attempt to keep the family going despite the presence of addiction or other dysfunctions in the family.
• Scapegoat or troublemaker: Scapegoating exists in a dysfunctional family. The scapegoat or troublemaker may become sick, weak, angry, or rebellious in response to their treatment. They may receive the majority of abuse or maltreatment. 
• Lost child: The lost child may spend most of their time alone, avoiding the family and its dysfunctional ways. 
• Mascot: This individual may try to alleviate tension within the family by utilizing humor or mischief in everyday life. The mascot may be labeled the family clown.
• The hero or golden child: This person may be idolized or pressured by their caregiver. They may receive less abuse or neglect but may feel pressure to excel, to please their parents, and to be “perfect.”

Immediate effects of living in a dysfunctional family

When you live in a dysfunctional family as a child, your brain may respond to stressors in unhealthy ways. Your fight or flight response in your nervous system could remain activated long after you have left your family dynamic. 

What is it like to grow up in a healthy family?

If you grew up in a dysfunctional family, you might get the impression that there is no such thing as a healthy, functional family life. It may feel hard to believe that functional families can be a reality. 

However, healthy families do exist. So, what does a healthy family look like? There are a few characteristics of a healthy family environment: 

• People communicate freely and openly but compassionately 
• Everyone’s basic physical and emotional needs are met, including water, food, shelter, social belonging, and bladder/digestive needs 
• Caregivers show unconditional love for each child, even when they disapprove of specific behaviors
• Through their words and actions, parents may support children’s emotional growth
• Children feel open to bringing up concerns or questions to their caregivers

Counseling for support 

Adult children of caregivers who displayed dysfunctional behavior may benefit from working with a therapist. To overcome a childhood affected by a dysfunctional family, healing internal wounds can be a decisive step. 

Studies show that many adults feel most comfortable at home, which can make in-person therapy feel daunting. If you relate, you may enjoy trying therapy from home in the form of online counseling. 

Online therapy can effectively treat various mental health conditions and heal certain kinds of trauma. While many problems often arise from adverse childhood experiences, your mental health can be affected at any life stage. 

One study showed how internet-delivered therapy successfully reduced the severity of PTSD symptoms in participants. The same group also saw a reduction in co-morbid depression and anxiety, proving the efficacy of online therapy for these concerns.  

Talking with family about your experience could worsen existing issues. Speaking with a therapist allows you to express your feelings about what happened in a safe environment. If you’re ready to try counseling, consider signing up through an online platform such as BetterHelp for individuals or Regain for couples.