Aristotle And Plato: Happiness Concepts

Plato and Aristotle were two ancient Greek philosophers whose thoughts may still influence the world today. In general, Plato believed that people could be happy if they were moral and followed the four cardinal values of temperance, fortitude, prudence, and justice. Meanwhile, Aristotle, who was Plato’s student, generally saw happiness as the overall goal of life and believed that people could reach it by living virtuously and using their critical thinking and reasoning skills. It may be possible to apply Plato’s and Aristotle’s views on happiness to your life by having principles and sticking to them, living in the present, setting reasonable goals, and seeking balance. Working with a licensed therapist in person or online may also help you find happiness.

A brief look at Plato

Plato may be one of the reasons why the world operates the way it does today. He created the Academy, which is typically considered to be the first place of higher education in the West. While his life can be shrouded in mystery, Plato’s works have survived for thousands of years, and he was a teacher to many people, including Aristotle, who some believe to be his most famous student.

A brief look at Aristotle

Aristotle joined Plato's Academy as a young adult and continued studying there for 20 years. He is typically thought to have become one of the biggest influences on the Western philosophy of values, and like Plato, his works have survived, often continuing to influence modern society.

What are Plato’s four cardinal virtues?

Plato, one of the most influential philosophers in Western philosophy, had a profound impact on the way we think about life, ethics, and the nature of reality. While his ideas are presented in various dialogues and writings, several key themes and concepts related to life can be attributed to Plato's philosophy. Plato wrote his ideas on happiness in The Republic. He believed that those who are happy are those who are moral and follow the four cardinal values: temperance, fortitude, wisdom, and reason. He taught that these were character traits that could be used and practiced until one could utilize them without thinking about it.

The role of reason

Plato emphasized the importance of reason as a guiding principle in life. He believed that reason should govern and guide the emotions and desires, leading to a balanced and virtuous life.

Temperance

Temperance usually involves moderation in one's desires or a middle road between excess and deficiency. It can be thought of as exhibiting restraint in one's actions and staying balanced. For example, Plato might judge a person who never drinks alcohol in the same way as someone who drinks alcohol to excess.

Fortitude

Also known as courage, fortitude can be defined as inner strength in the face of adversity. When you're courageous, you may resist temptations and overcome difficulties. You may remain tenacious and fight on despite the troubles you may face. Those who have fortitude usually persevere. Fortitude may be a necessary component in accomplishing your goals, which can contribute to overall happiness.

Prudence

Prudence normally involves being reasonable and using that reason to self-govern. Those who are happy may be able to self-judge and choose moral actions. They may be mindful, learn from their mistakes, and strive to improve. 

To summarize, Plato generally believed that a happy person has principles and sticks to them. 

What else did Plato say about happiness or well-being (eudaimonia)?

Plato, like his student Aristotle, believed in the concept of eudaimonia, which is often translated as "happiness" or "flourishing." For Plato, true happiness is achieved through the virtuous pursuit of one's potential and the realization of one's highest nature. This idea suggests that a fulfilling and meaningful life involves living in accordance with reason and moral virtue.

What other virtues were important to Plato?

In addition to the four cardinal virtues, Plato published his opinions in various works throughout his lifetime.

The examined life

Plato is famous for the assertion that "the unexamined life is not worth living." Plato taught and believed in the importance of critical self-examination and philosophical inquiry. To live a meaningful life, one must question assumptions, seek knowledge, and engage in a process of introspection to better understand one's beliefs and values.

Philosophical life

Plato's own life was characterized by a dedication to philosophy. He founded the Academy in Athens, one of the earliest known institutions of higher learning, and he encouraged the pursuit of wisdom and truth as a path to a more meaningful and fulfilling existence.

Forms and reality

Plato's philosophy also delves into questions about the nature of reality and the relationship between the material world and the intelligible realm or the world of Forms or Ideas. According to Plato, the material world is an imperfect reflection of the world of Forms, which contains perfect and unchanging archetypes of reality. Understanding this metaphysical perspective can influence one's outlook on life and the quest for ultimate truths.

Justice and the ideal state

Justice, in Plato’s view, can be considered the middle road between being selfless and selfish. Plato generally believed that while one should pursue their own desires, it can also be essential to help those around them flourish. Plato explored the concept of justice in his famous work "The Republic." He examined how an ideal state should be structured to promote justice and the well-being of its citizens. His insights on justice and the nature of the ideal state can inform ethical considerations in life.

Aristotle: happiness opinions

Aristotle spent a lot of time talking about happiness. He generally believed that happiness was the goal of life and could be achieved by living virtuously. One may live virtuously by nurturing their inherent good habits and developing new ones. Doing so can enable one to make good choices and lead a happy life.

Humanity itself may have a function, according to Aristotle, and that may be to reason. We may be set apart from other creatures because we are self-aware and have critical thinking skills. 

Aristotle’s concept of the greatest happiness

Aristotle's concept of the "greatest happiness" is closely tied to his idea of eudaimonia, which is often translated as "flourishing" or "living well." In Aristotle's ethical philosophy, eudaimonia represents the highest and most complete form of happiness. Here are the key components of the greatest happiness according to Aristotle:

Eudaimonia

Eudaimonia is the ultimate goal and highest good in Aristotle's ethical framework. It is a state of well-being, human flourishing, and living in accordance with one's true potential and nature. It is not merely a fleeting emotion or sensation but a deep and lasting state of contentment and fulfillment.

Virtue and moral excellence

Aristotle believed that eudaimonia is closely linked to the development of moral virtues and the cultivation of a virtuous character. Virtues like courage, wisdom, justice, and self-discipline are essential for achieving the greatest happiness. Virtuous actions and habits lead to a virtuous character, which, in turn, contributes to a flourishing life.

Reason and rational activity

For Aristotle, the exercise of reason and rational activity is a crucial aspect of the greatest happiness. He argued that humans have a unique capacity for rational thought, and true eudaimonia is achieved when individuals engage in activities that fulfill their potential for rational contemplation and ethical reflection.

Golden mean

Aristotle introduced the concept of the "golden mean," which involves finding a balanced middle ground between excess and deficiency in one's actions and emotions. Virtue is achieved by avoiding extremes and finding moderation, which contributes to a well-balanced and harmonious life.

What did Aristotle say about self-actualization?

The greatest happiness, according to Aristotle, is associated with self-actualization and personal growth. It involves the realization of one's own potential and the pursuit of a life that aligns with one's unique nature and abilities. 

What is happiness according to Socrates?

Socrates, one of the most influential philosophers in Western philosophy, did not leave behind a systematic body of work like some other philosophers. Instead, his ideas and philosophy are primarily known through the writings of his students, most notably Plato. Socrates believed that true happiness in each human being is closely tied to moral and intellectual excellence. His views can be summarized as follows:

• Virtue and knowledge: Socrates believed that happiness is intrinsically linked to virtue and moral excellence. He argued that a person who knows what is truly good and virtuous will naturally act in accordance with those values, leading to a life of goodness and happiness.

• Ignorance and vice: Socrates believed that ignorance is the root of vice and unethical behavior. He contended that no one does evil intentionally; instead, people do wrong due to their ignorance of what is truly good and virtuous.

• The Socratic paradox: Socrates is known for the Socratic Paradox, which states, "No one does evil knowingly." This paradox suggests that if people truly understood what is good and virtuous, they would naturally pursue it, and their actions would lead to happiness.

• Self-examination: Socrates encouraged self-examination and introspection. He believed that an individual should engage in critical self-reflection to understand their values and beliefs. By questioning one's assumptions and beliefs, a person can strive for moral and intellectual improvement, which, in turn, leads to a happier and more fulfilled life.

• The pursuit of wisdom: Socrates' life was characterized by the pursuit of wisdom and the questioning of conventional wisdom. He believed that the unexamined life is not worth living and that a life dedicated to the search for wisdom and truth would lead to a deeper sense of happiness and fulfillment.

What did other philosophers believe about happiness?

Many philosophers have explored the concept of happiness as a part of human nature in their works, and different philosophers have had varying views on what happiness is and how it can be attained. Here are a few notable philosophers who believed in and contributed to the understanding of happiness:

• Aristotle: Aristotle is often associated with the concept of eudaimonia, a term that is often translated as "happiness" or "flourishing." He believed that true happiness is the ultimate end and purpose of human life and is achieved through virtuous pursuit and a life committed to finding one's potential.

• Epicurus: Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher, believed that happiness is the highest good and can be attained through the pursuit of simple pleasures and the avoidance of pain. He advocated for a life of tranquility and the cultivation of friendships.

• John Stuart Mill: Mill, a 19th-century philosopher, is known for his utilitarian ethics, which posits that actions should be judged by their capacity to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. He believed in the importance of happiness and well-being in ethical decision-making.

• Jeremy Bentham: Bentham, a utilitarian philosopher, believed in the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." He argued that the ultimate goal of human actions should be to maximize happiness and minimize suffering.

• Confucius: The Chinese philosopher Confucius believed in the pursuit of a harmonious and virtuous life as a path to happiness. He emphasized the importance of moral character and ethical behavior.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Rousseau, an Enlightenment philosopher, believed in the importance of happiness in the social contract. He argued that governments should promote the common good and happiness of their citizens.

• Viktor Frankl: While best known for his work on existentialism and meaning in life, Viktor Frankl believed that happiness and meaning were closely connected. He emphasized the importance of finding purpose and meaning in one's life.

How is positive psychology connected to happiness?

While not a single philosopher, the field of positive psychology, developed in the 20th century, focuses on the scientific study of happiness, well-being, and human flourishing. Prominent psychologists like Martin Seligman have contributed to this field, emphasizing the importance of positive emotions, strengths, and virtues.

What can we learn from Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers?

Aristotle and Plato may not be infallible beings, but their words can apply to many people, and you can strive to improve your life by thinking about their beliefs. Some ways you can do this may include the following:

Have principles

Perhaps you have a moral code, but you may not have given it much thought. You might think about what you believe to be right or wrong and stick to it. By enforcing your principles, you may find yourself feeling happier. If you mess up, it can be best to learn from your mistakes and remember that no one may be completely perfect.

Live in the present to be happier

Set reasonable goals

Striving for goals and achieving something great can be one way to achieve happiness, but your goals should usually center on what you have. It may be a good ambition to become a billionaire, but most of us may benefit from smaller and more manageable goals. 

Seek balance

Humans can be creatures of extremes. Temperance may be one such solution to this potential problem. Think about parts in your life where you may do too much. For instance, you may constantly scroll on social media throughout the day. This may distract you from your life, and the images and messages you find there may negatively impact your mental health. 

However, not having social media can make you feel isolated in some cases. A person with temperance could be one who checks social media on occasion, but focuses on real life as well as the virtual world.

Therapy can help you find happiness

It might be great to have Aristotle or Plato as your mentor, but their time has long passed. If you're looking for someone to help you achieve happiness, consider trying therapy. Therapy can teach you ways to achieve your goals, potentially increasing your happiness. If you’re living with any kind of mental health disorder or have been experiencing mental health challenges, therapy can also be helpful in alleviating any associated symptoms.

Making you feel happier is one of the benefits of online therapy

Therapy makes you better understand yourself. The therapists can help you handle and overcome your mental health conditions, enabling you to become more peaceful and happier.  

Online therapy may be an excellent option if you’re ready to talk to a professional but aren’t interested in meeting with a therapist face-to-face. With online therapy, you can meet with your therapist from the comfort of your home or wherever you have an internet connection. Plus, you can reach out to your therapist with a message anytime, even if sadness hits you in the middle of the night, and they’ll typically get back to you as soon as they can.

Effectiveness of online therapy

Online treatment can be effective, too. A 2020 study showed that online therapy generally resulted in “significant and clinically meaningful improvements in depression and anxiety scores relative to a baseline that was observed postintervention at 12 weeks and sustained at program month 6.” Whether you’re showing signs of depression or just need guidance in finding happiness, consider working with a therapist.

Takeaway

Plato’s views of happiness generally consisted of the importance of morality and following the cardinal values of justice, fortitude, prudence, and temperance. Aristotle generally believed that it was important to use reasoning skills and live virtuously in order to achieve happiness. Today, you might apply the wisdom of these ancient Greek philosophers by seeking balance, living in the present, sticking to your morals, and setting reasonable goals. A licensed therapist may be a helpful guide in your journey toward finding happiness.