Five Impulse Control Disorders
The American Psychological Association (APA) defines impulse control disorder as “a disorder characterized by a failure to resist impulses, drives, or temptations to commit acts that are harmful to oneself or to others.”
Those who experience an impulse control disorder might repeatedly perform tasks or seek out severe behaviors regardless of adverse consequences for themselves and others. They may do this to relieve pressure or feel pleasure, and they may also experience subsequent feelings of shame and guilt.
Below, we’ll discuss five impulse control disorders, similarities in these types of disorders, and options to treat impulse control disorders and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships for individuals who experience them.
Impulse control disorders
Depending on the symptom severity, impulse control disorders can potentially have a disruptive impact on the lives of those who experience them and may also affect their family, friends, and community. As with other psychiatric disorders, researchers believe that environmental and biological components can play a role in the development of impulse control disorders.
Symptoms can vary between disorders, but there tend to be some similarities. These may include obsessive and intense thoughts, acute impatience, anxiety before completing a compulsion, and an inability to resist urges. If you are navigating an impulse-control disorder, know that you are not alone, and there are treatments available. These options range from pharmacological management (medication) to talk therapy and positive reinforcement.
Risk factors for impulse control disorders include genetic predisposition, a history of trauma or abuse, and underlying mental health conditions such as mood disorders or substance use.
The following are five impulse control disorders from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
Kleptomania
The APA defines Kleptomania as “an impulse-control disorder characterized by a repeated failure to resist impulses to steal objects that have no immediate use or intrinsic value to the individual, accompanied by feelings of increased tension before committing the theft and either pleasure or relief during the act.” Individuals who experience this disorder are typically not motivated by their own needs or profit, and they often disregard any negative ramifications caused by such behaviors.
This disorder can affect people from many different age groups, and symptoms, signs, and behaviors can start as early as childhood. According to the Cleveland Clinic, kleptomania is relatively rare, affecting just 0.3%-0.6% of the population, and it has only been identified in 4%–5% of arrested shoplifters.
The causes of kleptomania are not certain, although research suggests that those diagnosed with this condition often have other co-occurring disorders and mental health diagnoses, such as anxiety, depression, eating disorders, or substance use disorders.
When someone with this condition steals, they often report shame and regret about their own behavior after doing so. Since the items stolen usually have nothing to do with want, need, or value, they may be thrown out or given away.
There is not yet an FDA-approved, dedicated medication for kleptomania or any other impulse control disorder, but some research has shown that the most effective treatment might be a combination of medication and therapeutic approaches. Because kleptomania and impulse control conditions at large often include co-occurring conditions, therapists might primarily aim treatment efforts at resolving better-understood conditions, which may in turn aid in reducing impulse-control symptoms.
Pyromania
Considered rarer than other impulse control disorders, pyromania is characterized by the APA using the following criteria:
“Repeated failure to resist impulses to set fires and watch them burn, without monetary, social, political, or other motivations”
“An extreme interest in fire and things associated with fire”
“A sense of increased tension before starting the fire and intense pleasure, gratification, or release while committing the act”
Pyromania does not discriminate based on age, though late adolescence is a common onset period, with one study published in The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry showing the average age of onset was 18.
At the condition’s onset, some people may not jump straight to setting large fires. Instead, the condition may start small with easily-contained fire-setting behavior like burning papers or sticks and slowly escalate to more serious instances. Symptoms of pyromania may also unevenly ebb and flow over an individual’s lifetime.
According to the DSM-5, those experiencing pyromania do not typically set fires for monetary or social gain, political stance, or revenge purposes and do not normally act out of delusion or impairment. In other words, it doesn’t appear to be related to one specific factor in life (e.g., low socioeconomic status). Instead, in pyromania, starting fires is often directly related to the build-up and release of tension through fire setting.
According to research published in The American Journal of Psychiatry, many people who start fires may not meet the criteria for pyromania. For example, someone who starts fires with criminal motives or while under the influence of alcohol or other substances likely would not meet the criteria for diagnosis despite exhibiting undesirable behavior related to fire-staring. Also, in other people who exhibit fire-starting behaviors, the presence of schizophrenia, personality disorders, or manic episodes, yet may not do so in relation to the build-up and release of tension associated with the act in pyromania. Because of its extremely low prevalence, research on pyromania is less robust than research on many other mental health conditions.
Intermittent explosive disorder
Intermittent explosive disorder is typically characterized by overwhelming aggressive outbursts that are disproportionate to what prompted them. Some of the impulses may include physical or verbal assault*, damage or destruction of property, starting physical fights, or frequent temper tantrums. These frequent, impulsive anger outbursts associated with intermittent explosive disorder are not usually pre-meditated and are generally brief, lasting less than 30 minutes.
According to the Mayo Clinic, intermittent explosive disorder can begin after the age of 6 or during adolescence. Treatment for intermittent explosive disorder may include medication (such as antidepressants) and talk therapy regarding the experience of impulsive aggression behaviors. Therapy may include cognitive behavioral therapy to help the individual identify triggers, learn to manage responses, and address psychosocial symptoms. Some therapists may also discuss the risk of community violence or deliberate and purposeful acts of aggression.
One study in 2018 found that cognitive behavioral group therapy for psychiatric patients may be an effective means of reducing symptoms of intermittent explosive disorder (IED). The researchers concluded that “structured cognitive-behavioral group therapy, with a focus on anger management and cognitive coping, may be a promising approach to the treatment of IED.”
Conduct disorder
Conduct disorder is included in the DSM-5 chapter on “disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders,” which states that it is characterized by “a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated.” This disorder is most diagnosed in children and youth up to age 19 and often co-occurs with ADHD. Adults who exhibit symptoms of conduct disorder might be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, which is similar and also related to psychosocial impairment.
Some examples of impulsive behaviors associated with conduct disorder include bullying or fighting, intentionally damaging or destroying other people's belongings, stealing, lying, and breaking rules. Treatment to improve outcomes for conduct disorder may include cognitive behavioral therapy, anger management therapy, and parent management training to address the symptoms of the mental illness and personal experiences related to them.
Oppositional defiant disorder
According to the DSM-5, oppositional defiant disorder is characterized by “a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months,” as evidenced by interactions with someone who is not a sibling.
According to the Cleveland Clinic, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) affects 3.3% of children and adolescents in the United States. Individuals with ODD often have co-existing conditions, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders. Oppositional defiant disorder can exacerbate these co-occurring disorders, making comprehensive treatment and early intervention crucial for managing the overall mental health of affected individuals.
Treatments for ODD may vary according to a child’s age, symptoms, other conditions, and ability to participate in certain treatments. These may include talk therapy and school-based interventions. Also, parents of children with ODD may be asked to participate in parent management training.
Other impulse control conditions
Impulse control disorders aren’t limited to the behaviors listed above – even if these five disorders don’t cover your behaviors, seeking help can be worthwhile.
For example, suppose you frequently engage in risky sexual behaviors (e.g., having unprotected sex that can increase your risk of sexually transmitted diseases), excessive masturbation, and other sexual symptoms. In that case, you may be able to find treatment for hypersexuality. These symptoms could point to an impulse control disorder or a related condition like bipolar disorder.
If you've experienced persistent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that you perform to alleviate the distress caused by these thoughts, these symptoms could point to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Likewise, suppose you feel that you’ve acted impulsively since a young age. In that case, chronic exposure to these behaviors by your caregivers may have predisposed you to such symptoms, and discussing them with a therapist could provide relief.
Getting help for an impulse control condition or disorder
If you or someone you know is experiencing an impulse control disorder, know that help is available. A licensed therapist may be able to provide a diagnosis and develop a tailored treatment plan. If the symptoms make it difficult to see a therapist in office, you might consider online therapy, which research has demonstrated to be just as effective as in-person therapy.
By signing up for online therapy, you can connect with a licensed therapist from home or anywhere you have an internet connection. You can communicate in a way that’s most comfortable for you—via phone, live chat, or videoconferencing. You may find this helpful if you experience challenging impulses in between therapy sessions.
Takeaway
What are 5 examples of impulse control disorders?
Impulse control disorders occur when people cannot resist urges or impulses that can lead to harmful consequences. Here are five examples of impulse control disorders, as noted by the American Psychiatric Association:
- Kleptomania: People with kleptomania compulsively steal items, even if they don't need them, or face severe legal consequences. The act of stealing provides a temporary sense of relief.
- Pyromania: Pyromaniacs have a fascination with fire and repeatedly set fires intentionally. This dangerous behavior is driven by an irresistible urge to see flames or experience the excitement of arson.
- Intermittent explosive disorder (IED): Individuals with IED struggle to control their aggressive impulses and often exhibit extreme anger or violent outbursts disproportionate to the triggering event.
- Pathological gambling: This disorder involves persistent and uncontrollable gambling, even when it leads to severe legal and financial difficulties.
- Trichotillomania: Trichotillomania is characterized by compulsive hair-pulling, resulting in hair loss. Individuals with this disorder often engage in this behavior to relieve stress or anxiety.
These mental health disorders can significantly impact a person's quality of life and often require therapeutic interventions to manage and mitigate their effects.
What triggers impulse control disorder?
Impulse control disorders typically occur due to genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. While it's challenging to pinpoint a single trigger, chronic exposure to certain risk factors can contribute to their development:
- Genetic predisposition: A family history of impulse control disorders can increase the likelihood of an individual developing these conditions. There may be genetic factors that make some people more susceptible.
- Neurobiological factors: Abnormalities in brain structure and function, particularly in areas associated with impulse controland reward processing, can play a role. Neurotransmitter imbalances, such as with serotonin or dopamine, may also contribute.
- Mental health conditions: Certain mental health disorders, including anxiety, depression, antisocial personality disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), may co-occur with impulse control disorders.
- Environmental factors: Chronic exposure to stressful or traumatic situations can be a contributing factor. These stressors might include financial difficulties, relationship problems, or other life challenges that lead to maladaptive coping strategies.
- Substance use: Substance abuse, especially drugs or alcohol, can impair judgment and impulse control. Chronic substance use can exacerbate or trigger impulse control disorders.
- Childhood trauma: Adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse or neglect at a younger age, can increase the risk of developing these disorders later in life.
It's important to note that not everyone exposed to these risk factors will develop an impulse control disorder. Behavioral symptoms may also vary depending on the individual, making it challenging to pinpoint a specific cause.
What are 3 ways to control impulses?
Controlling impulses can be challenging, but effective strategies, including a combination of behavioral and pharmacological therapies, can help manage these urges.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a widely used therapeutic approach to help individuals recognize and manage impulsive behaviors. This therapy focuses on identifying triggers and developing healthier coping strategies to replace impulsive actions with more thought-out responses.
- Mindfulness and meditation: Practicing mindfulness techniques can enhance self-awareness and impulse control. Mindfulness meditation teaches individuals to observe their thoughts and feelings without judgment, allowing them to respond more skillfully to impulses.
- Medication: In some cases, medication prescribed by a healthcare professional can help manage impulsivity, especially when associated with specific disorders like ADHD. Medications such as stimulants, non-stimulants, or mood stabilizers can be beneficial under medical supervision.
These strategies may be used independently or in combination, depending on the underlying causes and severity of impulse control disorder. Seeking guidance from a mental health professional can provide personalized strategies and treatment plans tailored to individual needs.
What is an example of impulse control?
An impulse is an urge or desire to act on something without thinking about the potential consequences. An example of impulse control is resisting the temptation to eat a sugary snack while maintaining a healthy diet. In this scenario, practicing self-control and consciously deciding not to give in to the craving would be considered an act of impulse control.
Impulse control disorders alter an individual's ability to resist these impulsive urges, leading to harmful behaviors that can cause harm to themselves or others. While many people experience impulsive thoughts or actions from time to time, individuals with impulse control disorders live with these impulses on a more frequent and intense level, making it challenging to maintain healthy relationships and function in society.
How do you control self-impulses?
Controlling self-impulses involves mastering self-control and impulse control strategies. One approach often used is emotion control and impulse control (ERIC):
- Identifying triggers: Triggers can be internal (such as emotions or thoughts) or external (such as the environment). Identifying what prompts impulsive urges can help an individual develop coping strategies.
- Delaying gratification: Practicing delayed gratification involves resisting immediate temptations and setting future goals. This technique can help individuals learn to tolerate discomfort and delay impulsive actions.
- Replacing unhealthy behaviors: Developing healthier coping mechanisms in response to triggers can help individuals manage impulsive urges. For example, going for a walk or talking to a friend instead of engaging in impulsive behavior.
- Setting goals: Setting realistic and achievable goals can be a motivating factor in controlling impulses. Goals allow individuals to focus on long-term rewards rather than immediate gratification.
- Seeking support: Building a support network of friends, family, or professionals can provide much-needed guidance and encouragement when impulse control becomes challenging.
Remember that impulse control is a skill that can be developed over time with practice and self-awareness. Be patient with yourself and recognize that setbacks are a natural part of the process. If you've demonstrated significant improvement in managing your impulses, celebrate these small achievements, as they can be a significant step towards long-term success.
What are impulse control behaviors?
Impulse control behaviors refer to actions that are driven by sudden urges or desires without considering the potential consequences. These behaviors can range from minor, such as biting one's nails, to more severe and harmful, such as stealing or self-harm.
Some common examples of impulse control behaviors include:
- Compulsive buying disorder: An individual may feel a strong urge to make impulsive purchases, even if they cannot afford it or do not need the item.
- Compulsive sexual behavior: Individuals may engage in excessive and risky sexual behavior despite potentially harmful consequences.
- Self-harm: Impulse control disorders can also manifest in self-destructive behaviors, such as cutting or burning oneself. These behaviors are often used as a coping mechanism to manage intense emotions.
When impulsive behaviors become recurrent and severe or interfere with daily functioning, it may be a sign of underlying mental illness that requires professional intervention.
What are the four types of impulsivities?
Impulsivity is a complex trait that can be categorized into four main constructs, each representing different aspects of impulsive behavior:
- Lack of premeditation: This type of impulsivity involves acting without thinking ahead. Individuals who exhibit this trait often make spur-of-the-moment decisions without considering the potential consequences.
- Lack of perseverance: This aspect of impulsivity refers to a difficulty in sustaining attention and effort toward long-term goals. People with this trait may be unable to stay committed to tasks or projects over time.
- Sensation seeking: Sensation seekers are drawn to novel, exciting, or risky experiences. They often seek out thrills and excitement, even when it involves potential dangers.
- Urgency: Urgency is characterized by a tendency to act impulsively in response to intense emotional states. Individuals with high urgency might make impulsive decisions or engage in impulsive behaviors when they experience strong emotions, whether positive or negative.
These four elements provide a framework for understanding and assessing different dimensions of impulsivity. It's important to note that most people have some level of impulsivity, but the extent and combination of these traits can vary among individuals.
What is impulse control in psychology?
In psychology, impulse control refers to an individual's ability to resist impulsive urges or desires and make conscious decisions based on logic and reason. It is a crucial aspect of self-conrol and involves managing emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in response to internal or external triggers.
Impulse control is essential for maintaining healthy relationships, achieving long-term goals, and functioning effectively in society. Without it, individuals may exhibit harmful behaviors or self-destructive habits that can negatively impact their physical and mental well-being.
In addition to being a fundamental aspect of mental health, poor impulse control is also linked to various psychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and substance use disorders. Therefore, understanding and improving impulse control is an essential component of psychological treatment and personal growth.
What are some problems related to impulse control?
When impulse control becomes challenging or ineffective, it can lead to various problems and difficulties in daily life. Some common issues associated with poor impulse control include:
- Financial problems: Impulsive behaviors like compulsive buying or gambling can lead to financial strain, debt, and other monetary issues.
- Relationship conflicts: Impulse control issues can negatively impact relationships with friends, family, partners, and colleagues. For example, impulsive outbursts can lead to arguments and damaged relationships.
- Legal troubles: Certain impulsive behaviors, such as stealing or engaging in physical altercations, can result in legal consequences.
- Addictive behaviors: Impulse control disorders can also co-occur with addiction, making it challenging to achieve and maintain sobriety.
- Mental health problems: Poor impulse control is often associated with various mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and personality disorders. It can also exacerbate symptoms of existing conditions.
Chronic poor impulse control can impact multiple areas of life and result in significant distress. Seeking professional help can be beneficial in addressing underlying issues and developing healthier coping strategies.
How do you know if you have impulse control disorder?
The diagnostic criteria for impulse control disorders require a comprehensive evaluation by a licensed mental health professional. The clinical characteristics of these disorders can vary, but some potential signs and symptoms may indicate an underlying impulse control problem:
- Repeated failure to resist impulses: Individuals with an impulse control disorder often struggle to control their urges, resulting in recurrent impulsive behaviors.
- Increasing frequency or intensity of impulses: Over time, the intensity and frequency of impulsive urges may escalate as they become ingrained habits.
- Negative impact on daily life: Impulse control disorders often lead to difficulties in relationships, work, school, or other areas of functioning.
- Lack of awareness or insight: People with impulse control issues may not recognize the harm caused by their behaviors or understand why they are struggling to manage their impulses.
While the signs and symptoms of impulse control disorders may overlap with other mental health problems, a professional evaluation can help determine if an individual meets the criteria for a specific disorder. Seeking support and treatment early on can improve outcomes and quality of life for those experiencing difficulty with impulse control.
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