How Does Postpartum Depression In Men Affect Their Mental Health?

Postpartum depression (PPD), also called postnatal or perinatal depression, is most commonly associated with hormonal changes in new mothers or birthing parents of other genders shortly after giving birth. However, evidence suggests that postpartum depression can occur in both birthing and non-birthing parents of all genders, including men. Here, we’ll explore how PPD can affect men and how it can be addressed. 

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Understanding postpartum depression in men

Evidence suggests that new fathers who were not the birthing parent—including parents of any gender who have adopted a child—can also experience postpartum depression. Research suggests that approximately 8–10% of new dads may face clinically relevant depression during the first year after childbirth. Despite this, many remain unaware that men and non-birthing parents of any gender can be diagnosed with postpartum depression.

Several factors might contribute to the lack of understanding surrounding postpartum depression in men whose partner gave birth, or who adopted a child. First, the pronounced hormonal changes experienced by birthing parents—such as rapid fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone—do not occur in non-birthing parents. Although new fathers who did not give birth may undergo subtle hormonal shifts (like decreased testosterone), the changes are less pronounced than what many birthing parents experience. Because mood disorders are frequently associated with hormonal shifts, many people may associate the possibility of developing PPD with hormone changes. 

Furthermore, postnatal care has historically focused on birthing parents, with routine screening for postpartum depression rarely extending to fathers or non-birthing parents of other genders. The absence of standardized diagnostic criteria, screening tools, and education for partners of birthing parents likely contributes substantially to the underdiagnosis of PPD in men who did not give birth. Alternative terms, such as “paternal postpartum depression,” “paternal depression,” “paternal postnatal depression,” or “paternal perinatal depression,” have been suggested to differentiate PPD experienced by birthing and non-birthing parents, though it may be preferable to devise terms that relate to the role in the birth rather than the individual’s gender.

Recognizing postpartum depression signs and symptoms

Recognizing prenatal and postpartum depression symptoms in new fathers or other non-birthing parents typically involves observing both subtle and obvious signals that go beyond typical stress. While many symptoms overlap with those seen in general depression, the context of parenthood adds some unique features.

Common mental health symptoms of postpartum depression in men

New fathers or non-birthing parents of other genders with postpartum depression typically experience a persistent low mood and feelings of emptiness. They may lose interest in activities that once brought them joy and struggle with concentration and making decisions. Physical symptoms are also common; sleep disruptions (insomnia or oversleeping) and changes in appetite frequently accompany mental health concerns. 

Additionally, many people with postpartum depression report heightened irritability and overwhelming fatigue, which can make routine tasks more challenging. Other emotional and behavioral problems may also be compounded by PPD, increasing their severity. In total, these symptoms can often impair daily functioning and interfere with the ability to care for oneself and the child.

What makes postpartum depression different from major depression?

Although postpartum depression symptoms share core characteristics with those of major depressive disorder, they are differentiated by the context in which they occur. In new parents, PPD is closely linked to the life changes and pressures that follow the birth or adoption of a child. Men in particular may be socialized to exhibit more externalizing behaviors—such as increased risk-taking, overworking, or substance use—as ways to cope. 

Unlike typical major depression where symptoms may develop independently, postpartum depression in men or non-birthing parents of other genders is often marked by specific concerns about parenting. Some examples can include feelings of inadequacy and guilt over perceived shortcomings in bonding with their baby. 

Risk factors for postnatal depression

A complex interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental factors are thought to influence the development of postnatal depression in men and non-birthing parents of other genders. Many risk factors are still poorly understood, but research surrounding PPD in new parents who did not give birth is ongoing. A few that researchers have identified so far are outlined below.

Biological risk factors

Research suggests that decreases in testosterone levels in new fathers who identify as men may be associated with mood disturbances, reduced energy, and increased irritability. Additionally, sleep deprivation, which is common in the early months of parenting, can exacerbate any biological vulnerabilities and make a new parent more vulnerable to PPD.

Psychological risk factors

A personal or family history of mental illness, such as depression or anxiety disorders, may increase one’s likelihood of experiencing postnatal depression. The psychological stress of adapting to a new role as a parent—combined with feelings of inadequacy, guilt, or fear of failing to bond with the child—can also sometimes cause or exacerbate depressive symptoms. These internal pressures might be compounded by societal expectations surrounding the attitudes of new parents who identify as men, which may further discourage them from seeking help.

Environmental risk factors

New parents may also face external stressors such as financial stress, work-related pressure, and strained relationships with partners or family members. A lack of social support can leave parents feeling isolated during a period when emotional support is likely needed most. Moreover, cultural norms that minimize the emotional challenges of fatherhood in particular may lead to under-recognition of depressive symptoms. 

PPD’s potential impacts on mental health and everyday life

In many cases, PPD can have an adverse effect on a new parent’s ability to complete daily tasks. People experiencing PPD often find that their overall mental health is compromised, potentially involving a cascade of challenges that affect both personal and professional functioning. Symptoms such as persistent low mood, fatigue, and cognitive impairments can diminish the person’s ability to function. Routine tasks may feel insurmountable, and difficulties with concentration or decision-making can lead to errors at work or in managing household responsibilities.

Interpersonal relationships are also significantly affected in many cases. Men with PPD in particular often report feelings of irritability and anger, which can strain interactions with partners, children, and colleagues. This emotional volatility sometimes results in misunderstandings and conflicts, further isolating the individual. The quality of the parent-child bond may also be harmed, which can be serious given that healthy involvement of the non-birthing parent has been linked to positive developmental outcomes in children. When a parent can’t engage meaningfully with their new baby, it may adversely affect the family dynamic and the child’s long-term emotional development.

Navigating depression-related challenges

The substantial burdens of depression may sometimes make life more challenging, but PPD—like other forms of depression—can usually be effectively treated. If you believe that you or a loved one might be experiencing PPD or another mental health challenge, it’s generally recommended that you reach out to a mental health professional for support. A qualified professional can confirm the presence of PPD or another condition, if applicable, and develop a treatment plan to help reduce the adverse impact of symptoms. Plus, such symptoms rarely resolve without professional treatment. 

Coping strategies for mental health

In addition to working with a professional, it can also be helpful to focus on basic, healthy coping skills and self-care. Focusing on self-care can sometimes be challenging for those with depression as well as for new parents, but even small efforts to use healthy coping strategies might be helpful. Some examples include:

• Practice good sleep hygiene to improve the quality of one’s rest
• Eat nutrient-dense foods whenever possible
• Drink plenty of water
• Spend time in nature
• Lean on social support
• Engage in regular exercise, even if it’s as simple as regular walks around the block
• Practice mindfulness (e.g., meditation, deep breathing, reflection, journaling)
• Participate in support groups or connect with fellow new parents in other ways

Support for men experiencing postpartum symptoms

Although the discourse on postpartum mental health has historically centered on women, an increasing body of research emphasizes that men also require support during this critical period. Many healthcare professionals now advocate for the routine screening of fathers and non-birthing parents of other genders during postnatal visits, and a variety of support systems are emerging to address paternal mental health needs. 

The effort can be supported by spreading awareness and educating others about male postpartum depression and PPD in non-birthing parents of other genders. As advocacy around the topic increases and research expands, formal diagnostic criteria for PPD in non-birthing parents will likely be established. New screening tools that can more easily be adapted to non-birthing parents, such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, are already available.

Postnatal depression resources

Many community organizations and local support groups provide spaces where new fathers and non-birthing parents of other genders can share their experiences with paternal postnatal depression with peers in a non-judgmental setting. These groups can offer emotional validation and practical advice on balancing the demands of parenthood with self-care. 

Additionally, some healthcare providers now include partner mental health assessments during pediatric appointments, which can facilitate early intervention for any symptoms that may arise. New parents might also find online therapy, which offers increased flexibility and no required commuting, to be an attractive option for receiving support. By leveraging both digital and community-based resources, new parents may be able to tap into a comprehensive support network that helps mitigate feelings of isolation and reinforces the importance of mental well-being during the transition to parenthood.

Strategies for recovery and self-care

Effective recovery from postnatal depression in non-birthing parents usually involves a multifaceted approach that emphasizes both professional intervention and self-directed care. New parents often benefit most from implementing personalized strategies that address their unique challenges and promote overall resilience.

Mental health self-care techniques for new parents

Establishing a consistent self-care routine can be one of the most effective ways of supporting PPD recovery. Prioritizing quality sleep, balanced eating habits, and regular physical activity, for example, may significantly improve mood and energy levels. In addition, many new parents benefit from integrating mindfulness practices into their daily lives. Techniques such as meditation and deep breathing exercises may help reduce stress and promote mental clarity. New parents may also find it helpful to engage in hobbies or activities that offer a sense of accomplishment and relaxation.

As with all forms of depression, seeking social support is typically an important part of recovery as well. It’s often helpful to reach out to family members, friends, and other supportive individuals. Even if the person experiencing symptoms doesn’t discuss them with their network directly, positive social experiences in general often help reduce adverse effects and may also improve resilience. Many people also find it helpful to join a support group, either locally or online. Peer support can not only normalize the struggles of new parenthood but may also help diminish the stigma associated with expressing vulnerability. 

Seeking professional help

Symptoms of depression typically don’t resolve without professional treatment, and they may, in fact, worsen. That’s why seeking care as soon as possible can be important. A therapist can assess a person’s symptoms and provide treatment guidance based on the results of a holistic assessment. They can use structured psychotherapies, recommend coping strategies, and provide support to address symptoms of PPD and any comorbid conditions, such as major depression or generalized anxiety disorder.

The option of online therapy for new parents

While many people can benefit from therapy, it’s not always easy to receive. Those living in areas with too few mental health providers might encounter long waiting lists and inflexible scheduling or be required to travel long distances for care. The challenges associated with raising a child often compound barriers to therapy. In such cases, online therapy can be a more convenient option.  

Online therapy sessions can be attended remotely from home or anywhere with wi-fi, reducing the travel and time burdens associated with traditional in-office therapy. Many online therapists also have more flexible scheduling options than in-person therapists. Plus, research suggests that online therapy can often be as effective as in-person care, including for treating symptoms of depression.