A Look At Mental Health And Depression In Older Adults
Although mental health can significantly affect daily functioning in older adults, this population may struggle to discuss topics like depression. When negative symptoms or changes in mood occur, one may be unsure if symptoms are a natural part of aging or a sign of a depressive disorder. Below, explores the prevalence of depression in older adults, potential risk factors, and strategies to overcome or manage mental health challenges.
The prevalence of depression in older adults
Depression is a commonly diagnosed mental health condition, affecting people of all ages. According to the National Institute of Aging, depression is not a normal part of aging. Yet, symptoms can be overlooked in older individuals because they may present themselves differently than younger adults.
Research suggests that approximately 10% to 15% of adults over 65 experience symptoms of depression. Even without receiving a clinical diagnosis, many older adults experience negative symptoms associated with depression. Identifying symptoms and understanding risk factors for depression can support early intervention and treatment in old age.
Symptoms of depression
Depression can appear differently from person to person. Symptoms are often diverse and can take various forms. While some may experience persistent sadness, others may experience anger, irritability, or fatigue. Below are some common depression symptoms:
- Withdrawal from social activities or interactions with family and friends
- Changes in appetite and sleep, such as sleeping more than usual or experiencing insomnia
- Loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities
- Difficulty concentrating and making decisions in everyday life
- Thoughts and feelings of worthlessness, guilt, and low self-esteem
- Increased irritability, anger, or restlessness, which can interfere with work and home life
- Physical complaints, aches, and pains with no apparent medical cause
For some, depression may not be noticeable immediately. For example, a grandparent who values family time may start to decline family events and gatherings. They may also seem less engaged and distracted during outgoings. Family members may take note of these subtle behavioral changes to help an older adult find support.
The mental health challenges of aging and retirement
Changes in routine, relationships, and overall lifestyle are all life transitions that may come with aging. Adjusting to these changes may take time; for some, it may lead to mood, motivation, or general well-being shifts.
Retirement and emotional well-being
Retirement is often considered a significant life transition. Some retirees may enjoy the freedom and flexibility retirement affords, benefiting from reduced work stress and an ability to enjoy more leisurely time with friends. Other retirees may be uncertain about how to make the most of their time, especially if their career created a sense of purpose and fulfillment.
Retirement may also mean fewer daily interactions for individuals who enjoy the social aspects of work. Therefore, retirement can lead to loneliness or isolation. Creating a new routine and finding ways to stay engaged in the community may help with adjustment.
The physical health challenges
Physical health conditions can also impact mental health and overall well-being. According to research from the National Institute of Aging, 79% of adults over 70 have at least one chronic condition. These chronic conditions may include arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, cancer, respiratory disease, or diabetes. Pain, reduced energy levels, or difficulty completing everyday tasks may lead to frustration or emotional distress. People may also take time to adjust to health-related lifestyle changes, such as physical therapy routines or changes in eating habits.
Risk factors for depression in older adults
Several factors can influence the likelihood of older adults experiencing depressive symptoms in later life, including but not limited to the following:
- Social isolation: Limiting social interactions with friends and family or withdrawing from social settings can contribute to loneliness.
- Grief and bereavement: The loss of a spouse, friend, or loved one can have an emotional impact. Symptoms of grief and depression often overlap, but research shows bereavement is a risk factor for major depression.
- Chronic illness: Medical conditions such as diabetes can impact energy and mood. People with chronic diseases are more likely to develop depression.
- Cognitive changes: Adults may experience memory difficulties or cognitive decline as they age, which can be associated with emotional distress
- Financial stress: Adjusting to a fixed income, unexpected medical expenses, and economic conditions can contribute to stress and anxiety about the future
- Medication side effects: Medications to treat a chronic health condition can have adverse side effects, at times impacting mental health
Understanding risk factors can help individuals, their friends, family, and caregivers recognize when additional support may be beneficial. The BetterHelp platform is not intended to provide any information regarding which medication or medical treatment may be appropriate for you. The content provides generalized information that is not specific to one individual. Do not take any action without consulting a qualified medical professional.
Strategies for older adults to overcome depression
Depression is a mental health condition that often requires therapeutic and medicinal interventions. However, various strategies can be used to improve mental, physical, and emotional well-being, including but not limited to the following.
Social engagement & volunteering
Staying socially engaged may provide a sense of connection and belonging after retirement. For some, attending weekly gatherings with friends or staying in touch with long-distance family members online may be beneficial. Volunteering is another way to give back to the community since retirees may lose their fulfilling social roles and responsibilities. However, engaging in prosocial, contributory activities can improve life satisfaction and well-being. Depending on personal interests, opportunities may include:
- Joining a church or community group that suits your interests, as organizing events or fundraisers for a good cause is another way to stay active and involved
- Helping to put together care packages for people in need, especially during the holiday season
- Assisting at local animal shelters and care facilities (Some research suggests that spending time with animals can benefit health and well-being)
- Coaching or mentoring youth sports teams or academic programs
Engaging with others meaningfully may create a sense of community, fulfillment, and purpose.
Physical and outdoor activities
Research suggests that physical activity can reduce cognitive decline, often occurring as people age. Activities like walking, yoga, or light stretching may improve energy levels and reduce fatigue. Spending time outdoors may also be beneficial. Exposure to sunlight can naturally support vitamin C production, and breathing fresh air may reduce airborne illness and infection. Activities such as gardening, reading outdoors, or group walking can contribute to overall well-being.
Marriage and relationships
For those in long-term relationships, marital satisfaction is associated with health and well-being. Prioritizing emotional intimacy may support overall well-being. Being open and honest with loved ones, planning enjoyable activities together, expressing gratitude and appreciation, and showing compassion during stressful moments can foster an intimate bond. For those who’ve experienced the loss of a spouse, grief support groups, counseling, and therapy may provide a space to process emotions and navigate life after loss.
Community initiatives that can support retirees
Many communities provide resources and local programs to support older adults after retirement. These programs may include the following:
- Senior centers often provide social activities such as art classes, dancing, yoga or tai chi, book clubs, movie nights, and sporting events
- Counseling programs can teach depressed older adults various self-care activities for coping with symptoms
- Intergenerational programs connect retirees, middle-aged adults, and younger individuals, improving mental and physical health in elderly while enhancing social skills and academic information in children
Exploring community resources can help older adults stay connected and supported after retirement.
Online treatment for symptoms of depression
Older adults may have more difficulty accessing therapy because of mobility and other challenges. Online therapy through a platform like BetterHelp can be an accessible option for mental health treatment for those who prefer affordable or flexible support. This method of support can make it easier for those with physical limitations and chronic pain to practice self-care from the comfort of home. Sessions can also be scheduled at any time and from any location. Therefore, older adults can continue with social events, family gatherings, and outdoor activities that support health and well-being.
Specialized mental health treatment for depression in older adults
Some online platforms offer therapy designed for older adults, specializing in topics such as grief, retirement adjustment, chronic illness, or mental illness. Online therapy and counseling are also available for caregivers who support older loved ones. With the proper support, credible sources like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), and Mental Health America show that depression is a highly treatable condition.
Research suggests that internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) may reduce symptoms of depression in older adults. Online therapy reduces specific barriers to healthcare, such as mobility concerns or transportation challenges. The reduction in barriers allows more people to seek effective depression treatment.
Takeaway
Mental disorders like depression can affect people of all ages. While depression is not a normal part of aging, retirement challenges can contribute to emotional distress. Physical health challenges, social isolation, and grief or bereavement are a few retirement challenges that older adults may face. However, strategies like social engagement, volunteering, physical activity, and fostering relationships may help adults live a fulfilling life after retirement.
What are the signs of depression in the elderly?
According to the National Institute on Aging, the following symptoms may be present when elderly individuals experience depression:
- Emotional numbness
- Lack of interest in activities
- Persistent low mood
- Speaking or moving more slowly
- Changes in eating and sleeping habits
- Decreased energy
- Difficulty concentrating
What is the most common cause of depression in older adults?
Depression usually develops in response to multiple factors. Older individuals may be at greater risk of feeling depressed if they’ve experienced loss, social isolation, or poor physical health.
How can you stop depression in old age?
Effective treatment options for depression most often include therapy and medication. Life changes, such as spending time with loved ones, engaging in hobbies, and staying physically active, can also help treat depression.
What is the best antidepressant for seniors?
The best antidepressant depends on a variety of factors, including multiple health metrics. Speak to your doctor or psychiatrist to learn more about your medication options.
What does depression look like in the elderly?
Depression tends to look different in each person it affects. Common symptoms include feeling sad or emotionally numb, staying asleep longer than usual or struggling to fall asleep, and losing interest in activities that were previously enjoyed.
What are the consequences of untreated depression in the elderly?
When left untreated, severe and even moderate depression can contribute to a lower quality of life and increased risk of death by suicide. The Crisis Lifeline is available 24/7 at 988 for those who are experiencing suicidal thoughts.
What is the best natural antidepressant?
Exercise or regular physical activity may be the best way to fight depression naturally. Always consult your doctor before beginning a new exercise routine.
What can depression lead to if not treated?
When depression isn’t treated, it may contribute to increased susceptibility to physical illness, as well as a perceived lack of fulfillment and lower quality of life. Untreated depression may also lead to suicide in some cases.
What is the last stage of depression?
There aren’t necessarily stages of depression, as this mental health disorder tends to look different for everyone. Finding the right treatment with the help of a licensed mental health professional can reduce depression symptoms.
What does untreated depression look like?
Untreated depression tends to look different in each individual who lives with it. However, it may present as a persistent low mood, changes in eating and sleeping habits, loss of interest in activities, and a sense of hopelessness.
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