Logotherapy And The Elements Of Existential Theory: An Overview
Viktor Frankl, is the psychiatrist who developed logotherapy. Frankl believed that humans are motivated by the need to find meaning in their lives and that those experiencing challenges may live in an existential vacuum.
Origin of logotherapy
Viktor Frankl viewed the "will" to find meaning as strong enough to overcome life's most serious challenges. To him, human freedoms were about self-discovery and your purpose in life. Learning more about logotherapy may help you decide if this therapy would benefit you.
Who was Victor Frankl?
Viktor Frankl was a psychiatrist who studied medicine and psychiatry at a Vienna medical school. He primarily focused on helping patients find meaning in their lives through responsible action and spirituality, which went on to be the core concepts of logotherapy, his primary contribution of psychotherapy to the realm of psychology. Viktor Frankl believed that many challenges in life come from an existential vacuum, where people do not have meaning, purpose, or direction in their lives. He hypothesized that this lack of meaning would lead to apathy, boredom, emptiness, or depression.
His belief that meaning was the primary motivational force for human beings was a radical notion for psychologists of that age. As a result, he was shunned by some of the top psychologists of that time, including Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud. Though Viktor Frankl's philosophy would eventually take off, it would not be without controversy.
Frankl had nearly finished his work when he was arrested by Nazi forces and imprisoned in a concentration camp. However, during this time, he observed the behavior of both the soldiers and fellow prisoners around him. He felt that many prisoners despite the suffering they endured, could find meaning in their traumatic moments.
Logotherapy now overlaps with many forms of modern trauma-informed therapy and how guilt and shame can impact individuals experiencing trauma. Frankl did not know that he was leading the way to research on treatment for trauma disorders, which helped many people find hope and healing after challenging experiences.
Viktor Frankl and his book, “Man’s Search For Meaning”
Following American forces' liberation of the last Nazi concentration camps, Frankl wrote Man's Search for Meaning. This book centered around his discoveries during his time in the concentration camp. He asserted that anyone with a reason for continuing could motivate themselves to get through any challenge. Frankl's theories and concepts continue to live on through the bestselling status of this book and the work of the Viktor Frankl Institute in Vienna.
Core tenets and existential analysis of Logotherapy
Logotherapy was primarily formed from elements of existential theory and existential therapy. Existentialism is a philosophy that is focused in large part on themes like freedom and responsibility, along with questions related to our purpose and meaning. Logotherapy, too, is based on the idea that a person can alleviate challenges by finding their purpose in life. It is also thought to be related to positive psychology. Positive psychology also focuses on helping people find meaning in life.
The basic tenets of logotherapy
- Human life has meaning even in the most challenging circumstances and when experiencing unavoidable pain.
- Our primary motivation for living is the search for meaning.
- Humans have the freedom to search for meaning in what we do or experience and the stance we take when enduring hardship.
- It is possible to change oneself and take a complementary approach to healing based on life circumstances and your responsibility in your future.
- One can choose one's attitude when dealing with life's struggles.
The core focus of this therapy is on the future and one's ability to endure hardship by having a sense of meaning or purpose. Existential analysis is a technique often used to do so. Thought-based treatments like existential analysis aim to help people set out and find experiences that give them the freedom to find meaning and emotional freedom. Though existential analysis can be applied to any form of therapy, it is most commonly associated with this type of therapy.
Unlike some forms of therapy, logotherapy has a spiritual dimension. It is often a popular choice in ecumenical pastoral psychology. Many spiritual and religious individuals believe that a higher power has a purpose for them, and this therapy can help those people find this purpose. In other forms of this therapy, people believe in a spiritual essence or the impact of the universe on themselves, their relationships, and their ability to withstand adversity.
The three psychological concepts of purpose according to Viktor Frankl’s existential analysis
According to the Viktor Frankl Institute, Viktor Frankl's existential analysis are based on three psychological concepts: freedom of will, will to meaning, and meaning in life.
The psychology of freedom of will
Freedom of will is the concept that all humans are free to decide or take a stance during internal and external conditions. This concept gives a person autonomy, whether experiencing a somatic or psychological illness or an external hardship. However, for these decisions to be meaningful, Victor believed they must be in accordance with society's values or the person's conscience.
Will to meaning
Will to meaning asserts that humans are free to achieve their goals and purposes. Many conditions, such as depression, were believed by Victor to arise when people do not realize that they have this freedom.
Existential meaning in life
Meaning in life states that meaning is an objective reality rather than an illusion. Humans have the freedom and responsibility to bring out their best selves and find their own meaning of life in every moment of every situation.
However, logotherapy and existential analysis do not promise that life will always be happy. Instead, they may help clients find meaning, purpose, and direction regardless of what is occurring.
Three techniques of therapy used by therapists
This form of therapy uses three techniques to achieve these purposes: paradoxical intention, dereflection, and Socratic dialogue.
Paradoxical intention
Paradoxical intention is the act of wishing for what you fear the most. This process makes you confront the fear and feel control over it. For example, if you fear embarrassing yourself in front of others, you could purposely embarrass yourself so that you have the experience and reduce the fear of it happening again. This process is similar to the modern form of therapy, exposure and response prevention (ERP), often used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and phobias.
Dereflection
Dereflection is the act of focusing on others rather than ourselves. This technique focuses on helping, asking questions, and feeling empathy instead of only focusing on what you need or feel.
Socratic dialogue
Socratic dialogue (inspired by the writing of Socrates) is a tool used to help you notice and interpret your thoughts and words. This technique is often utilized in therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy. During therapy, the therapist can listen to a client's words and way of phrasing to help the client find meaning in them and the answers they seek to their existential questions. However, you can also use Socratic dialogue on yourself by being mindful of your own words and thoughts.
Benefits of logotherapy in psychology
Benefits may include happiness, mental health, and improved psychological well-being. People who find meaning in life may feel more optimistic and have more significant life satisfaction. One study found that all participants no longer felt a sense of meaninglessness in their lives after partaking in the therapy.
Applications
There are numerous applications of logotherapy, including trauma therapy, grief counseling, and the treatment of a range of other mental health-related concerns. The techniques of this type of therapy have helped numerous people, from early adolescents to older adults, work through their challenges and emotional pain. It has primarily benefited those experiencing major life transitions, mental illness, terminal illness, and grief. Despite the hardships, people who utilize this form of therapy may find purpose and life satisfaction through its practices.
Managing symptoms of mental illness in therapy
Finding meaning in life correlates with better mental health and well-being. Viktor Frankl believed that emotional pain occurred due to a lack of meaning. He argued that those who find meaning often reduce distressing symptoms.
As the therapeutic techniques of this therapy discuss well-being and optimism, this therapeutic modality may encourage those with mental health conditions to care for themselves and practice gratitude, compassion, and empathy.
However, logotherapy is not a cure for mental health issues. It is a form of therapy to help individuals cope with the symptoms and may or may not be effective for everyone who tries it. It might offer benefits to those experiencing the following mental health conditions:
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Phobias
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Schizophrenia
- Substance use disorders
- Suicidal ideation*
*If you are experiencing suicidal thoughts or urges, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) or text 988 to talk to someone over SMS. They are available 24/7 to offer support.
Living with a terminal illness
Logotherapy is often applied to people experiencing a terminal illness, such as cancer patients. Frankl's theory states that all life has meaning, even if someone is confronted with a terminal condition or unavoidable hardship. It helps cancer patients and others experiencing terminal illness find their own meaning in their lives and experience purpose and direction as they cope with the illness.
However, receiving this therapy differs from getting professional medical advice to treat your condition. It can provide meaning but does not promise to cure or treat any medical condition. If you are experiencing medical concerns, consult your primary care physician.
Coping with grief
Many people lose their meaning and direction while grieving the loss of a loved one. This reaction can be understandable; losing someone dear to you can be painful and shake up your routine. This impact may leave you grieving, confused, and directionless.
However, Viktor Frankl believed that death is a stage of everyone's lives and that clients can find meaning through these experiences. Though death can be scary and cause sadness, it can also bring new meaning and purpose. Logotherapy helps people find meaning in the death of their loved ones and the grief they are experiencing. It can also help them find meaning in their new life without their loved ones. For this reason, grief counseling is a common application of Frankl's therapy.
Coping with other hardships
Viktor Frankl's ideas and book (Man's Search For Meaning) were primarily influenced by the experiences endured in concentration camps. Frankl observed that those living in the concentration camps fostered a sense of meaning, purpose, or hope and that it helped them cope with their conditions. If you're experiencing a hardship, this therapy may benefit you.
Is it authoritarian?
When people analyze the concepts around logotherapy, they may want to understand where the ideas come from. Some psychologists believe that it presents a basic solution that undermines the complexity of human life and experiences.
However, Frankl argued that in clinical practice, this type of therapy helped people search for meaning but was often combined with other treatments, such as medication, to help address genetic or complex concerns, such as mental illness. This form of therapy was not meant to dismiss human hardship or undermine all the challenges people go through. Instead, it was meant to give direction and inspiration to people who felt lost and purposeless. However, if you do not connect with the ideas of logotherapy, there are over 400 other types of treatments available.
Techniques to find or search the meaning
While logotherapy is about finding meaning in life, there are several ways one can go about this process. Not every method is helpful to every individual, and this type of therapy makes room for the treatment of unique individuals.
Participating in activities to find purpose and meaning
Working and participating in activities is one way to find meaning. When people immerse themselves in their careers, businesses, families, worship, and other activities, they may feel a sense of value. For example, caring for someone else may make an individual feel they have a purpose and a reason to wake up.
When people have jobs, careers, or activities they care about, it gives them something to look forward to and plan their lives around and contributes to their growth. Doing an activity consistently can be an enlightening experience. It allows people to learn more about themselves and connect with like-minded individuals.
Finding meaningful experiences through logotherapy
The idea that specific experiences in life can contribute to finding meaning is a dominant theme in many cultures. Each person is unique because we all have different experiences and come from different origins. Our experiences shape who we are as individuals in many cases. This influence can help us find meaning in our daily lives.
There have been countless cases in which people have reported feeling inspired due to an event they experienced or witnessed. This inspiration can be a testament to experiences' impact on the human psyche. Our experiences allow us to find meaning in life because they teach us about ourselves, others, and the world in which we live.
Finding meaning in adversity
According to logotherapy, the attitudes that people develop in the face of adversity are another way to find meaning in life.
When faced with adversity, people can make a decision to continue, give up, or make a change. A person who chooses to grow from adversity may regard the experience as a lesson, even if it is painful or trying. Those with this outlook may see adversity as a growth opportunity.
However, it can be normal if you struggle to grow from or see the positive sides of adversity. Many people feel this way, and logotherapy or another type of counseling may be able to help you take another outlook. However, you do not have to partake in if it doesn't align with your values.
Common assumptions from patients
As a form of treatment, logotherapy is rooted in a series of assumptions about life and the nature of human beings. These assumptions are as follows.
Wholeness of psyche
Logotherapy is rooted in the assumption that each person has a psyche, which makes up the totality of their mind.
Everything has meaning
Another assumption is that meaning exists in all circumstances. No matter how positive or negative an experience is, logo therapists believe there is something to be learned. Logotherapy maintains that finding meaning in all experiences can help people grow and discover a sense of purpose in their lives.
Will to meaning
One of logotherapy's main assumptions is that humans are motivated by the "will to meaning" and that every person can discover their unique purpose in life. This idea connects to the three ways the treatment focuses on helping people learn about themselves and the world around them.
Everyone is unique
The idea that each human being is unique is another core assumption of logotherapy. Each human being has their own experiences, thoughts, and ideas that contribute to who they are. The process of finding meaning in life, then, will typically be different for each participant.
Counseling options
Logotherapy focuses on the drive and ability to create meaning in your life. This treatment has been used to treat people with mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Logotherapy is often blended with other forms of treatment to maximize its effectiveness. If you would like to learn more about logotherapy, you can check out the Viktor Frankl Institute or Frankl's book Man's Search For Meaning.
If you want to learn more about therapy or are interested in working with a therapist, there are various options. Many clients may avoid therapy due to its high cost. However, through online counseling, you may be able to find a cost-effective logo therapist without leaving home. Online therapy allows you to participate in worksheets, receive resources, and talk to a professional through phone, video, or live chat sessions.
One study found that online logotherapy was as effective as in-person therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in participants. If you're interested in getting matched with a therapist that practices this type of counseling or another modality, consider signing up for a platform like BetterHelp, which can connect clients with a provider within 48 hours.
Takeaway
Working with a licensed therapist to learn more about psychology and find meaning in your life can support you with various concerns, and you do not need a mental health condition to reach out. Consider contacting a therapist for further guidance and information about logotherapy and the types of treatment available to you.
What is the ultimate meaning of logotherapy?
In logotherapy, “meaning” refers to the spiritual dimension of humanity. The core principles of logotherapy are that human life has meaning, human beings long to experience their own sense of meaning, and humans have the potential to experience meaning under any circumstance. Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy arose in response to other prominent psychological theories of the time, which suggested that pleasure or power drove innate human desires.
In contrast, logotherapy suggests that humans all feel an inner desire to find purpose and meaning while acknowledging that unavoidable suffering is part of life. Everyone experiences trials and challenges, but Frankl believed those challenges do not prevent people from discovering meaning in their lives.
Is logotherapy a type of CBT?
Frankl’s logotherapy was developed in the 1930’s. While the early 20th century was a time of massive progress in the psychological and behavioral sciences, it was not until the 1960s that Aaron Beck developed cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT. In addition, CBT is also theoretically different from logotherapy; CBT focuses more heavily on problem-solving and coping, while logotherapy is primarily concerned with thriving.
Frankl envisioned logotherapy as a supplement to structured psychotherapy, not a substitute for it. Although CBT was decades from mainstream acceptance when logotherapy was developed, contemporary research suggests that CBT and logotherapy could be combined to form a novel approach that leverages the strengths of both techniques.
What is the goal of logotherapy counseling?
In contrast to many directed forms of psychotherapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy, logotherapy was developed as an objective therapy that helps a person identify personal meaning and purpose in life. It was not designed to treat any specific condition but rather to be combined with other forms of therapy to create a holistic therapeutic approach. Logotherapy doesn’t focus on symptoms but rather on how a person perceives and understands their symptoms in relation to themselves and their life circumstances. Logotherapy counseling aims to help patients become active participants in their own psychological well-being, regardless of their exact circumstances.
What is an example of logotherapy?
Although logotherapy was designed as a supplemental psychotherapy, evidence suggests it has utility when used alone. One empirical research study investigated logotherapy’s impact on the depression and stress levels of terminal cancer patients. After one session of logotherapy per week for six weeks, the researchers noted a significant decrease in depressive symptoms among those who received the treatment. The researchers also noted that cortisol, a stress hormone, was also significantly reduced, suggesting that logotherapy may help reduce anticipatory anxiety associated with the participants’ cancer diagnosis. The study suggests that even in the face of death, human life can have meaning.
Is logotherapy positive psychology?
Logotherapy is part of the field of humanistic psychology, which began to flourish shortly after logotherapy’s development in the 1930s. Positive psychology is a closely related field but distinct from humanistic psychology. Both fields are concerned with human flourishing and betterment, and both assert that a person can take personal responsibility for their subjective well-being.
Humanistic and positive psychology are separated mainly by methodology and theoretical underpinnings. Positive psychologists tend to be more concerned with quantitative data, that is, empirical evidence that supports the utility of a specific therapeutic approach. In contrast, humanistic psychology tends to adhere to the principles of qualitative research, which produces less empirically robust data but often offers more insightful conclusions.
What are the main ideas of logotherapy?
Viktor Frankl proposed three psychological concepts that underpin logotherapy: freedom of will, will to meaning, and meaning of life. “Freedom of will” states that humans are free to shape their own futures within the limits of specific possibilities, and every person can take steps towards a purposeful life. “Will to meaning” asserts that humans feel an innate drive to find purpose and meaning in their lives and that frustration, depression, and anxiety are likely to occur if a person cannot pursue a purpose. “Meaning of life” states that the concept of meaning is objective and varies from person to person.
How do you apply logotherapy in life?
Three logotherapy techniques are commonly associated with the therapy: dereflection, paradoxical intention, and Socratic dialogue. It is likely possible to apply these techniques to life in much the same way a person applies the methods used in more modern psychotherapies, like cognitive behavioral therapy. The three techniques are summarized below:
- Dereflection is a process that helps people focus attention away from problems and onto something positive. It is similar to the miracle question commonly used in solution-focused therapy.
- Paradoxical intention focuses on using humor and ridicule to reduce fear. Fear is lessened when a person’s intention is directed toward what they are afraid of. Humor can reduce the feelings of fear and allow a person to confront what makes them afraid intentionally.
- Socratic dialogue, not to be confused with the Socratic questioning often used in cognitive behavioral therapy, helps a person enter a process of self-discovery using their own words. Socratic dialogue helps a person find meaning within their unique circumstances.
Is logotherapy a real thing?
Logotherapy is a real thing that has been the subject of empirical research. It is commonly used as a complementary therapy alongside more modern methods, and its core features have been incorporated into several modern humanistic and positive psychology techniques, such as acceptance and commitment therapy and solution-focused therapy.
It has been shown to reduce depression among cancer patients when applied individually, and group logotherapy has been used to reduce depression levels among university students. It is also bolstered by large bodies of qualitative and quantitative research that support its underlying principles, namely that humans can improve well-being and reduce distress by finding meaning in life.
Is logotherapy science or faith?
Logotherapy has empirical evidence to support its scientific validity. However, it is a broad therapy most commonly used alongside more modern techniques. Like other therapies born of humanistic psychology, such as gestalt therapy, logotherapy emphasizes the importance of individual responsibility and directed action when finding meaning in life. It is not based on prayer or religious faith but rather the belief that a person can take responsibility for their own well-being, regardless of their circumstances.
Logotherapy contains an element of spirituality, though in this case, spirituality does not refer to religion but rather the philosophical constructs of purpose, meaning, and happiness in life. It asserts that all humans are driven toward finding meaning in life, which logotherapy considers a spiritual pursuit.
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