Cannabis Intoxication (Marijuana Effects)

Cannabis use can lead to various signs and symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. These symptoms can appear after a person consumes marijuana, with the effects usually being more pronounced at higher doses. However, the extent and severity of the symptoms can vary depending on the amount consumed, how it is consumed, and the tolerance levels of the person consuming it, among other factors. 

Physical symptoms

Below are several physical symptoms of marijuana use: 

• Impaired motor coordination: Users may have difficulty with balance, walking, or fine motor skills.
• Sleepiness: Cannabis often causes drowsiness, which can lead to impaired alertness and difficulty concentrating.
• Rapid heartbeat: Some users may experience an increased heart rate during intoxication.
• Dry mouth: Dry mouth is a common side effect, resulting in a parched sensation.
• Red eyes: Cannabis use can cause bloodshot and watery eyes.

Psychological symptoms

Below are some of the psychological symptoms of marijuana use: 

• Euphoria:¹ Users may feel intense happiness, pleasure, or thrill.
• Anxiety: Some individuals may experience heightened feelings of fear, panic, or unease.
• Paranoia: Marijuana can sometimes cause excessive distrust or suspicion of others.
• Impaired judgment: Decision-making abilities can be compromised, which may lead to risky behaviors.
• Time distortion: The perception of time may seem slowed down, sometimes leading to confusion or disorientation.

Cognitive symptoms of cannabis intoxication

Marijuana ingestion may also lead to cognitive changes, such as the following: 

• Memory impairment: Cannabis intoxication may affect short-term memory.
• Difficulty concentrating: Users may find it hard to pay attention or stay focused on tasks after using marijuana.
• Altered perception: Senses like taste, touch, or hearing may be heightened or unusually distorted.

In some cases, marijuana use may lead to more severe symptoms, such as acute psychosis,² hallucinations,³ or delusions. These symptoms are often linked to high doses of marijuana or pre-existing mental health conditions. 

Cannabis effects tends to occur more rapidly when smoking marijuana, causing more predictable symptoms. However, when ingesting marijuana in edible forms, the onset of effects may be slower and less predictable. It may be helpful to recognize the potential symptoms of marijuana use and seek medical assistance if necessary.

Cannabis intoxication is caused by smoking, vaping, or ingesting marijuana. After consumption, THC enters the bloodstream and reaches the brain, which may result in various psychological and physical effects. The severity of its effects may be impacted by various risk factors. Some common risk factors contributing to the effects of marijuana may include:

• Frequency of use: Frequent marijuana users may be more likely to experience effects, as their bodies may not have enough time to break down and eliminate THC from their system fully.
• Potency of cannabis: Higher THC concentrations in marijuana products may lead to more intense intoxication symptoms.
• Polysubstance use: Combining marijuana with other substances, such as alcohol or other drugs, may increase the risk of experiencing severe intoxication effects.
• Individual sensitivity: Some individuals may be more susceptible to cannabis intoxication due to genetic factors, how their body processes substances, or pre-existing mental health conditions.

People living with mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, or personality disorders, may be more prone to using marijuana excessively. As a result, these individuals may have a higher risk of experiencing the effects of marijuana, especially if they use cannabis to cope with their symptoms. However, self-medication may worsen mental health problems and lead to severe effects, especially if combined with other substances.

Treatment for marijuana use may not be necessary. The adverse effects often wear off as the drug is eliminated from the body. Marijuana intoxication treatments may be used to manage severe symptoms, provide supportive care, and prevent complications. Treatment options might include supportive measures and medication.

Individuals with severe symptoms, especially after ingesting other harmful substances with marijuana, may require hospitalization. In severe cases, an individual may need to be admitted to a hospital for close monitoring and continuous supportive care.

Medication

There are no specific medications to treat cannabis intoxication. Some medicines can be used to manage particular symptoms:

• Anxiety: Short-term use of benzodiazepines or other anti-anxiety medications may reduce anxiety caused by marijuana intoxication. Studies demonstrate limited efficacy of propranolol as well.
• Psychotic symptoms: Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed during an episode of cannabis-induced psychosis to manage symptoms like hallucinations or delusions.
• Nausea and vomiting: Antiemetics or anti-nausea medications may be given to manage vomiting and nausea related to cannabis intoxication.

Consult a healthcare professional for proper treatment and dosage recommendations, as some medications may have side effects or might not be appropriate for everyone. Do not start, change, or stop medication for any condition without consulting a medical doctor. 

Other treatment options 

People with severe symptoms, such as dehydration or electrolyte imbalances due to vomiting, may benefit from IV fluids. These fluids may be administered in a clinical setting to support recovery and maintain hydration levels.

Self-care for cannabis intoxication

Uncomplicated effects of marijuana often resolve on their own without the need for medical intervention. Some self-care measures that may help manage symptoms include:

• Staying hydrated: Drinking water or other hydrating fluids may prevent dehydration and maintain electrolyte balance.
• Rest: Resting and giving the body time to recover may help with symptoms like dizziness, fatigue, or general unwellness.
• Comfortable environment: Creating a calm and quiet environment, such as a peaceful room with soft lighting and soothing music, may reduce symptoms of anxiety or panic.
• Support from loved ones: Having the support of friends, family, or a trusted individual during recovery may reduce anxiety and provide a sense of security.

The long-term effects of marijuana use may sometimes require intervention or support from mental health professionals. One option to explore is online platforms like BetterHelp, which connects individuals with licensed therapists. Through virtual therapy sessions, those who have been affected or are at risk of marijuana intoxication may gain insights and support to improve their mental health. 

In addition to online therapy, there are resources available to help individuals overcome or prevent repeated instances of marijuana intoxication. One potential source is the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), which provides information and support on cannabis use and its possible side effects. 

For those seeking assistance during their recovery journey, community-based support groups like Marijuana Anonymous offer an encouraging, non-judgmental environment where individuals can share their experiences and learn from each other. There are also various organizations, including the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and local support groups around your area that may provide support and information on the risks and prevention of cannabis use.

There are numerous resources available to help those affected by marijuana. From online therapy platforms to organizations and peer support groups, these resources can provide valuable information, therapeutic assistance, and emotional guidance.

For help with substance use, contact SAMHSA’s National Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357).

Researchers have been exploring the effects and causes of cannabis intoxication. One study published in Frontiers in Psychiatry looked at marijuana-related emergency department visits, with psychiatric problems being the most common reason for these visits. The report explored the effects of different routes of marijuana consumption, with cannabis edibles causing more psychiatric symptoms compared to inhaled cannabis. It also showed an increased need for emergency medicine resources due to marijuana-related visits, especially those involving people with mental health problems. 

Another study published in Cureus assessed people experiencing the effects of marijuana at seven emergency departments in West Michigan. It identified that around 17% of people with marijuana intoxication experienced cannabis-induced anxiety disorder. The study found that the risk of experiencing anxiety symptoms was higher among younger patients, those who consumed edible marijuana, had psychiatric comorbidities, or had a history of polysubstance use. 

New studies are looking at different ways to test for cannabis intoxication. One study reviewed the problems with current testing methods and suggested that a breath analysis could be an accurate alternative. The development of new testing techniques might help us identify and understand how much marijuana a person has used and if it could be harmful to their health.

Two-thirds of participants achieved full recovery

It is possible to become addicted to marijuana. However, treatment is available. One study found that two-thirds of all study participants with cannabis use disorder achieved full recovery from the substance after 12 months of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).¹

¹HHS Public Access

Below are more critical statistics on marijuana intoxication:

• For every 100,000 people living in the United States, six experience complications related to marijuana that result in a visit to the emergency room.
• Psychotic symptoms that are acute and self-limiting might be experienced by approximately one in 200 individuals who consume cannabis throughout their lifetime.
• It’s estimated that close to 9% of individuals who try marijuana may develop an addiction, with the percentage increasing to approximately 16% for those who begin usage during adolescence and between 25% to 50% for daily users
• In 2017, incidents of children ingesting cannabis edibles represented 0.02% of all child-related exposure incidents, translating to 0.2 instances per 1000 pediatric cases reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS). This figure saw a significant rise in 2021, reaching 0.36% or 3.6 instances per 1000 pediatric NPDS cases.
• Studies have found that cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for cannabis addiction.