Genetic Predisposition

The exact mechanisms by which genes can increase the risk for mental disorders and physical health concerns (e.g., breast cancer) appear to be highly complex. They may involve thousands of distinct genes, many of which can impact multiple organ systems. A great deal of research may still be needed to determine precisely how a person’s genome (individual genetic makeup) contributes to their mental health.

Many of the genes that researchers have identified as risk factors for mental illness are involved in regulating the development of the brain and nervous system. Some differences in neurological structure may make some people more vulnerable than others to the kinds of psychological stresses that can give rise to mental disorders. Others could make it more difficult for an individual to regulate their emotions or redirect their thoughts, potentially increasing the risk for mental illnesses, such as anxiety¹ and depression. 

Differences in certain brain regions, and the genes involved in their development, may have significant effects on the risk of psychological disorders. A large-scale study published in 2021 noted a strong link between mental illness and variations in the genes affecting the following neurological features:

• The default mode network, which seems to be involved in functions like introspection, daydreaming, memory recall, identity formation, imagination, and empathy
• The occipital cortex, which processes visual information
• A network that is involved in controlling behavior and focusing thought

Other genes believed to influence mental illness risk may produce their effects by altering signaling behavior within the brain. For example, variations in genes coding for receptors, inhibitors, and transporters of several specific neurotransmitters may be associated with anxiety disorders. These genetic differences might affect the brain’s sensitivity to danger signals and environmental stress.

It’s likely that most psychological disorders are affected at least somewhat by genes. Mental health, much like physical health, can be influenced by a combination of genetic makeup, environmental conditions, life experiences, and lifestyle factors. However, some kinds of mental illness seem to be passed down through families more readily than others, which suggests that they have a stronger genetic component.

The following psychiatric disorders may be particularly likely to involve genetic predispositions:

• Bipolar disorder (BP)
• Schizophrenia²
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)³
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)⁴
• Anxiety disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Tourette’s syndrome⁵ 
• Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Research suggests that some of these conditions may share genetic predispositions. In other words, the same genetic variations that make a person more susceptible to one disorder may also increase their risk for several others. 

For those experiencing trauma, support is available. Please see our Get Help Now page for more resources.

Since a person’s genome can’t be altered, there’s currently no way to prevent the inheritance of genetic predispositions for mental illness. Parents conceiving through methods such as in vitro fertilization might conceivably be able to screen viable embryos for risk factors. However, according to the National Institute of Mental Health, there are currently no genetic testing methods that can reliably predict an individual’s risk of mental illness.

Epigenetic research has found that certain environmental influences may change the way the genes associated with psychiatric disorders are expressed, which may make the development of disease more likely. By protecting children from these risk factors, it may be possible to reduce the chances that they’ll develop mental illnesses later in life, even if they have genetic predispositions to certain conditions. Notable epigenetic risk factors include:

• Stress during pregnancy
• Malnutrition
• Early life adversity, such as poverty or bullying
• Sexual abuse and other forms of trauma
• Advanced parental age
• Maternal infections during pregnancy

Individuals who are aware that they have a genetic predisposition to mental illness may benefit from avoiding other known risk factors, such as:

• Persistent life stress
• Lack of sleep
• Poor diet
• Lack of physical exercise
• Smoking
• Heavy use of alcohol or other mind-altering substances
• Social isolation

It might also be helpful for an individual with a family history of psychological disorders to consult with a therapist proactively, even if they’re not experiencing symptoms. A mental health professional may be able to offer helpful advice for maintaining psychological well-being and reducing the risk of mental illness.

Some mental health care providers may be able to use a patient’s genetic information to choose medications more effectively. They may also assess and monitor clients for signs of comorbid disorders if they are aware of inherited risk factors. It’s often advisable to inform physicians and/or therapists about any known family history of mental illness. This could make it easier for them to assess relevant risk factors and provide mental health advice.

However, in many cases, mental health care does not change substantially when a person has a known genetic predisposition. This may be particularly true for non-pharmacological treatments, such as psychotherapy. Although some early research suggests there may be genetic differences in how strongly individuals respond to psychotherapy, the field is not yet advanced enough to make specific recommendations for care. 

Those interested in finding a mental health care provider can seek referrals from their primary care doctors. Insurance companies also commonly provide tools that individuals can use to search for providers within their coverage networks. Some local organizations, including religious institutions or community centers, may be able to provide recommendations as well. Also, several governmental agencies and nationwide nonprofit groups offer assistance and advice for those seeking treatment:

Online therapy providers such as BetterHelp can also connect individuals with licensed mental health professionals. Internet-based therapy has a strong and growing evidence base, with many studies indicating it can have the same level of effectiveness as in-person care. Many people also find it more convenient due to the ability to attend sessions while at home and reach providers who aren’t located nearby.