Other (Or Unknown) Substance Intoxication

Medically reviewed by Dr. Jennie Stanford, MD, FAAFP, DipABOM, Andrea Brant, LMHC, and Laura Angers Maddox, NCC, LPC

Overview

Other (or unknown) substance intoxication is a diagnosis used when the ingestion of a substance causes clinically significant distress and fits the criteria for intoxication but does not meet the official diagnostic criteria of a specific substance use disorder¹ outlined in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). A healthcare provider may also designate other (or unknown) substance intoxication when they are unsure of the substance causing the symptoms.

Substance intoxication often occurs when individuals consume substances like alcohol, hallucinogens, opioids, or stimulants in amounts that exceed the body's ability to metabolize them effectively. It is a physical or mental state characterized by changes in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. Repeated use of these substances may increase the risk of developing an addiction and a diagnosis of a substance use disorder.

The severity and duration of substance intoxication may vary depending on the type of substance used, the quantity consumed, the method of intake, and the individual's tolerance² level. Other (or unknown) substance intoxication may be associated with other mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Recognizing the signs of substance intoxication, such as slurred speech, disorientation, unsteady movements, and mood swings, can be pivotal in seeking timely help and preventing further harm or the development of an addiction.

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Symptoms

Substance intoxication may include various symptoms depending on the potency of the substance and the level of addiction of the user. It may be helpful to understand the symptoms of substance intoxication as well as the signs of addiction, including the following:

Euphoria or extreme happiness
Slurred speech or difficulty in articulating thoughts
Impaired coordination and balance
Changes in behavior, such as aggression or exaggerated self-confidence
Altered perception of reality, including hallucinations or delusions
Increase or decrease in heart rate
Bloodshot or glazed eyes
Unconsciousness or periods of blackouts

Symptoms may vary depending on the nature of the substance used and its side effects. Additionally, individuals who use substances regularly may be at risk of developing an addiction. Developing an addiction can be dangerous, as addiction may lead to dependence on the substance, which may also lead to difficult withdrawal symptoms when attempting to cease use of the substance.

The signs of addiction to a substance may include:

Unusual mood swings or erratic behavior
Neglect of personal responsibilities or duties to use a substance
Increased tolerance or desire for the substance
Withdrawal symptoms when not using the substance
Unsuccessful attempts to stop or control substance use
Interference with everyday activities or relationships
An iexcessive amount of time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from the substance
Risk-taking behaviors while under the influence of the substance
Persistent desire to use the substance despite recognizing the harm it causes

Causes

Substance intoxication occurs when an individual consumes a psychoactive substance in varying amounts. The causes can range from recreational use and self-medication to peer pressure or coping with the presence of mental health disorders like depression or anxiety. Risk factors may include:

History of early aggressive behavior
Lack of parental supervision
Substance experimentation at a young age
Genetics

Mental disorders often play a significant role in substance intoxication. Individuals with mental health disorders are more prone to substance-related problems as a method of coping with their symptoms.

The use of substances to mask the symptoms of a mental health condition may lead to a dangerous cycle of use as a method of coping, which increases the risk of developing an addiction. Substance use can also worsen mental health disorders, leading to more severe symptoms and making treatment more challenging. In some cases, substance-induced disorders can occur, which trigger the onset of new psychiatric symptoms in individuals.

Recognizing how mental disorders and substance use are linked can be key to finding the right prevention strategies and treatment plans. Substance use, if not managed responsibly, can potentially lead to substance use disorders, also known as substance-related disorders. The American Psychiatric Association characterizes substance use disorders as an individual's inability to control their use of a particular substance despite its harmful and potentially life-threatening consequences.

A person may begin using a substance casually or occasionally. However, over time, they may require more of the substance to achieve the same effect. As their consumption increases, they may find that they can no longer function daily without the substance. Continued use in this manner, disregarding the negative implications, may result in the development of an SUD.

Treatments

Substance intoxication may not require treatment unless an individual has potentially overdosed, has severe symptoms, or is experiencing addiction. The goal of these treatments is often to lessen the symptoms of withdrawal and help individuals gain more control over their decision-making and behavior patterns.

Therapy

Therapy can be a pivotal component in the treatment of individuals displaying signs of developing addiction. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),³ for example, may help individuals understand their addiction, identify causes for use, and develop coping strategies. This form of therapy facilitates a change in thought patterns, leading to healthier behaviors and decision making.

Motivational interviewing can strengthen an individual's motivation and commitment to change. Family therapy may also be beneficial, as it helps the family understand the nature of addiction and allows them to actively support their loved one through their recovery journey. Therapy often provides a safe, supportive environment where individuals can explore their addiction, gain insights, and work actively toward recovery.

In the context of substance intoxication, CBT may help individuals identify the inciting events that often lead to substance use and can teach them to implement mindfulness and healthier coping strategies. Over time, consistent application of these treatment strategies may help individuals learn to be mindful of substance use and avoid falling into a pattern that leads to addiction.

Medication

Medications for substance use often focus on helping individuals overcome the withdrawal symptoms associated with addiction. However, there may be a few medications that can help people who struggle with addiction. For example, medications like Naltrexone and Buprenorphine may prevent cravings and block the effects of opioids if someone relapses.

Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) can be a crucial component in managing withdrawal symptoms and reducing cravings in individuals recovering from substance addiction, depending on the substance. This approach, which combines medications with counseling and behavior therapies, is designed to provide a holistic and comprehensive treatment pathway.

These medications, which must be prescribed by a healthcare provider, act on the same brain structures and processes as addictive substances, helping individuals reestablish normal brain function, block euphoric feelings associated with the substance, and mitigate painful withdrawal symptoms. However, medication alone can't overcome addiction. It can be most effective when combined with therapy and lifestyle changes.

Consult a medical doctor before starting, changing, or stopping a medication for any condition. The information in this article is not a replacement for medical advice or diagnosis.

The BetterHelp platform is not intended for any information regarding which drugs, medication, or medical treatment may be appropriate for you. The content is providing generalized information, not specific for one individual. You should not take any action without consulting with a qualified medical professional.

Self-care

Self-care can play a pivotal role in the treatment of substance intoxication and the maintenance of a balanced mental health state. Physical self-care may involve regular exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient rest, helping the body recover and build resilience. Psychological and emotional self-care can also be crucial and involve activities that include meditation, journaling, or therapy, which may aid in understanding and managing emotions and improving mental clarity.

A well-rounded self-care routine often involves a combination of physical and psychological maintenance. Self-care may help individuals cultivate a healthy lifestyle and avoid the desire for reliance on substances.

Resources

Resources for substance intoxication may include therapy and organizations dedicated to educating others on substance use.

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) can be a valuable resource for individuals grappling with the early stages of addiction. SAMHSA, a branch of the US Department of Health and Human Services, provides information on prevention, treatment, and recovery services for those struggling with substance use and mental health disorders.

In addition to SAMHSA, other educational resources are available online, such as the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), which offers extensive information on drug use and its effects on the brain, body, and behavior. American Addiction Centers (AAC) is another resource that provides treatment options, tools for recovery, and educational articles to help individuals understand the complexities of addiction.

For help with substance use, contact SAMHSA’s National Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357).

Please see our Get Help Now page for more immediate resources.

Research

According to a recent study, researchers have found that substance use and addiction are evolving and often change throughout the lifespan of an individual. In their study, researchers discovered that it can help to personalize and adapt treatment to each patient's unique biological and personal needs. They also cited the fact that cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective intervention due to its ability to address the changing circumstances of life that often lead to developing an addiction.

Another study aimed to determine the role that cognitive impairments because of substance intoxication may play in the development of treatment strategies. In the study, their team found that cognitive impairments are present in roughly one in three individuals who use certain substances, such as cannabis, stimulants, and opioids. They discuss the fact that it can be vital for treatment providers to screen for cognitive impairments and co-occurring mental health conditions while also taking into account what type of substance has been used to inform a comprehensive treatment strategy.

Statistics

Below are several statistics on other (or unknown) substance Intoxication:

46 million people, or 17% of the population, meet the criteria for a substance use disorder (SUD).
Over 20% of Americans have an alcohol use disorder.
70% of individuals with SUD also have an alcohol addiction.
75% of individuals who seek addiction treatment experience positive results.

Associated terms

Updated on June 24, 2024.

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